Talcott Parson s Theory Of Pattern Variables - 1490 Words

Individuals often utilize stereotypes as an easy mechanism to organize and understand different people. Many of these stereotypes are unfortunately negative and are degrading toward a group of people. Further, stereotypes not only overgeneralize this, but can improperly evaluate the group based on ascribed traits (i.e. race, gender, age) and the impact it has on other areas of life, such as academics or work ethic. For example, African Americans are frequently stereotyped as having a lower IQ, performing poorer in academic settings, but being more athletic oriented; they face this stereotype because of their ascribed trait of skin color, or race (which is already a socially constructed phenomenon), even as it has little to no actual impact upon these aspects of life (what correlation there often is can be attributed to less opportunities, differential treatment, stereotype threat, and other factors). One way of understanding how this works is through Talcott Parson’s theory of pattern variables. As summarized by Delaney (2014 ), pattern variables help categorize the expectations of a relationship, are paired, on a spectrum, and involve three ‘rules’: 1. they are general so as to allow utilization and -comparability across cultures 2. be relevant to action frames and 3. be relevant across all social systems. There were five pattern variables often articulated: affectivity-affective neutrality, diffuseness-specificity, universalism-particularism, achievement-ascription, andShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism from Classical to Contemporary Theory787 Words   |  4 PagesFunctionalism is a social theory that has its foundations in the birth of the discipline called sociology (Adams Sydie, 2002 p.05). Angste Comte, considered the founder of sociology, believed that sociological matters should be explained through scientific study. Functionalism is a method of study based primary on facts, objectively measured, essentially applying the scientific met hod to the study of society, social actions and interactions. Functionalism is interested in the relationships betweenRead MoreSocial Reality And Its Effect On Self Image993 Words   |  4 Pages the idea of socialization has sprung a diverse variety of theories, all proclaiming that their theory is the answer. All of these social theories provoke questions about social reality. Social reality is a complex evaluation of what is considered biological reality and what is considered individual cognitive reality. These realities are created by social interaction thus influencing individual motives and actions, so how can one theory answer it all. Dennis H. Wrong (1961), an American sociologistRead MoreStructural Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism Conflict Theory System3328 Words   |  14 PagesStructural Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism Conflict Theory System Theory The origin of sociology developed and took place in Europe during the early eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The factors that led to the development of sociology are industrial economy, the growth of cities, and political change. Europe was changing from agriculture to factory production. Masses of people moved to the cities in search of work. In cities people met anonymity, crowding, filth, and poverty. The IndustrialRead MoreThe Expansion Of Modernity By Ferdinand T ÓŚ Nnies1439 Words   |  6 Pages1993, p.150). Essentially, individuals give up a sense of belonging in order to experience what that have not, and could not in a traditional community. They give up the security of being a part of a group in order to gain individual creativity. THEORIES Ferdinand TÃ" §nnies is seen as the theorist with the most direct influence over later sociological work and communities. He wanted to eliminate the spatial contexts and superiority of neither village nor city life when analyzing communities, in attemptRead MoreFunctionalism Of Sociology And Social Anthropology Essay3360 Words   |  14 PagesFUNCTIONALISM IN SOCIOLOGY In sociology and social anthropology the term functional analysis is used not only in the mathematical sense, where a function expresses a correspondence between two variables such that the second, or dependent, variable is said to be a function of the first, or the independent variable. Sociologists, of course, like all scientists, are interested in establishing such dependencies. The term functional analysis in their work also has a special connotation similar to the useRead MoreStri Bhrun Hatya Essay in Marathi4841 Words   |  20 PagesSwami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded Sociology Syllabus M.A. Second Year (Semester Pattern) With effect from June 2010 1 Sociology Syllabus M.A. Second Year With effect from June 2010 Semester III Paper IX Classical Sociological Tradition 80 Marks Paper X Sociology of Marginalized Communities 80 Marks Paper XI Sociology of Change and Development 80 Marks Paper XII Gender and Society OR Sociology of Demography 80 Marks 80 Marks (20 MarksRead More A Comparison of Classical Management Theorists and Contingency Theorists2642 Words   |  11 PagesClassical Management Theorists and Contingency Theorists The management field is characterised by a wide variety of theories, schools and directions. This essay examines the classical and contingency schools of thought -- the approaches to organization that have had the greatest impact on management today. Firstly the essay delineates and criticises the important theories propounded by classical writers. The essay continues with an account of the contingency school, and finally evaluatesRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Smoothly Running Machine3416 Words   |  14 Pagescause-and-effect relationship among these parts of the machine† (Forte, 2007, p 170). The reason Systems Theory applies to the Brown family is because all of the parts of the family are struggling independently but by determining how each individual is affecting the behaviors of others, it may be determined how to best proceed with treatment. By examining the Brown family with Systems Theory, it can be identified that the Brown family belongs to several different systems and by examining them eachRead MoreSociology and Social Change6068 Words   |  25 Pagesbreakdown of social normalcy, it follows that virtually all classical social thinkers were able to appreciate the relevance of social change as an object of study. Indeed, the study of social change constitutes the main object in the sociological theory and inquiry of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim. For Marx, the analysis of social change is present in an evolutionary model that contends that human history has seen a succession of modes of production -namely, tribal, ancient, feudal, and capitalist- andRead MoreSociology and Social Change6058 Words   |  25 Pagesbreakdown of social normalcy, it follows that virtually all classical social thinkers were able to appreciate the relevance of social change as an object of study. Indeed, the study of social change constitutes the main object in the sociological theory and inquiry of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim. For Marx, the analysis of social change is present in an evolutionary model that contends that human history has seen a succession of modes of production -namely, tribal, ancient, feudal, and capitalist- and

Private Prisons - 1166 Words

Running head: PRISON PRIVATIZATION 1 An Assessment of Prison Privatization Sharon Baumann-Heller ORG 8575 Michael Mills August 12, 2012 PRISON PRIVATIZATION 2 Abstract Over-crowding in our federal, state, and local prisons, along with a depressed economy, has resulted in a trend toward privatization of these facilities. This paper examines the core issues surrounding private prisons in the areas of cost-effectiveness, recidivism, and the special needs of specific groups of inmates, including the elderly and mentally challenged. It explores problems related to the prison industry in general and whether privatization is the solution to these problems.†¦show more content†¦The impact of budget cuts and a depressed economy continues to pose health care problems for jails and prisons as a whole. The high rate of disease and illness experienced in the prison population poses a threat not only to the prisoners, but to the staff and general public as well (Summary, 2007). Although society thinks of prisons and jails as self-contained, what is occurring inside finds its way to the outside. For instance, untreated staph infections, hepatitis C, and HIV can directly impact the family and friends of inmates, as well as neighborhoods and communities (Summary, 2007). Reid (2008) notes that the mentally challenged present a serious challenge to our prison systems. He reports that over 50 percent of all inmates have mental health problems, with a high percentage of both jail and prison inmates meeting the criteria for psychotic disorders. Society does not know how to PRISON PRIVATIZATION 5 appropriately respond to the maladaptive behaviors exhibited by the mentally challenged, so many of them are incarcerated rather than diverted to mental facilities. Studies have shown that it would cost less money to send this class of prisoner to a mental health facility than to pay for their incarceration and related extra costs. Some contend that the conditions under which mentally challenged prisoners are subject in prisons actually exacerbate mental illness. This includes such things as isolation and inadequate ventilationShow MoreRelatedPrivatization Of Prisons And Its Effects On Private Prisons2897 Words   |  12 PagesPrivatization of prisons is the confining of inmates by a third party that is contracted by a government agency and it refers to the takeover of present public facilities by private operators and the operation of new prisons by for-profit prison companies. Privatization is simply a contract that shifts public functions and re sponsibilities, in whole, from the public sector to the private sector. Private prisons can also be defined as a contract to provide other services to public prisons such as transportationRead MorePrivate Prisons1463 Words   |  6 PagesPrivatization of Prisons As state budgets throughout America become tighter because of rising costs, many are looking at private prisons as a way to reduce the cost in detaining inmates. Just like everything else in America there has to be a debate about it. There are those that are for the privatization of prisons and those that are against it. James A. Fagin introduced this topic in his text book CJ2013; he discussed the major selling point of private prisons, and the problems that states areRead MorePrivate Prisons2662 Words   |  11 PagesThe concept of the prison has existed for more than two thousand years. It probably goes back as far in time as practice of cannibalism, where victims had to wait for their turn in contributing to the chief course in the menu of their captors. Examples of prisons can even be found in the Old Testament when Joseph was incarcerated in Egypt. It was not until the 19th century that a clear shift occurred from corporal punishment to imprisonment. As societies prospered and the industrial revolution beganRead MoreThe Relationship Between Private Prison And Private Prisons Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesSynopsis The use of private prison has been a serious issue in the United States. The main issue is the amount of money that private prison companies are consuming. The private prisons are making millions of dollars from housing inmates. Between 1970 and 2005 the U.S. population has grown by 700 percent (Private prison, 2013). This massive increase in the U.S. prison population is far outpacing the population and crime rate. Due to this, America has the biggest prison rate than any other countryRead MorePros And Cons Of Private Prisons1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States has had a long and controversial history when it comes to the U.S prison system. Holding only approximately 5% of the global population; U.S prisoners account for almost 25% of the worlds prisoners, having even more than China; a nation with almost a billion more citizens than the U.S (PrisonStudies.org) Even when considering these alarming statistics, discussing the method of caring for, feeding, and rehabilitat ing prisoners in the U.S is often avoided as many United States citizensRead MorePrivate Prisons And Public Prisons815 Words   |  4 Pagesis essentially the Enron of the private prison industry, has long touted private prisons as an alternative to government-owned prisons. Indeed, CCA has set forth three reasons justifying the creation of private prisons for federal inmates: †¢ Cost Effectiveness. Private prisons are less expensive to operate and will save the federal government millions of dollars. †¢ Safety. Private prisons are effectively protect inmates’ safety. †¢ Humane Treatment. Private prisons are modern facilities that provideRead MorePrivate Prisons Are The Operation Of A Prison1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe need of private detainment facilities has immediately created all through numerous years. Private jails are the operation of a jail by a privately owned business under contract with a nearby, state, or potentially central government, frequently as a revenue driven business. With the gigantic development inside the prison masses coming to fruition because of the War on Drugs and extended usage of confinement, correctional facility clog and expanding costs ended up being logically dubious for neighborhoodRead MorePrivate Prisons Vs. Federal Prisons1175 Words   |  5 PagesPrivate prisons are supposedly more cost effective than state or federal prisons. Or that is what their representatives say. But regardless of whether they save money or not, are they truly beneficial for our communities? This article hopes to break down som e of the myths these private prison corporations have used to push their agenda and discuss how that is far from the case. By doing so, the reader can form his/her own conclusions on how pervasive and detrimental private prisons have become withinRead MoreThe Use Of Private Prisons For Federal Inmates1604 Words   |  7 PagesPhase Out Use of Private Prisons for Federal Inmates. This was an article title created by Charlie Savage, a Pulitzer Prize winner and correspondent for the New York Times in Washington on August 18, 2016. Savage wrote how the Obama administration would begin to phase out the use of private run prisons to hold inmates. This was ultimately due to the research done on the quality of life for inmates, the safety of inmates and prison employees, and the security of private run prisons. In the articleRead MoreThe Cost Of Private Prisons Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the fact that private prisons typically only house healthy inmates. When cost estimates are adj usted to account for this, the results are surprising: Without adjusting for the increased medical costs imposed on state-run prisons, a 2010 Corrections Department study found that daily per inmate costs were cheaper in private prisons, at $57.97 as opposed to $60.66. However, when adjusting for medical costs, the results flipped with daily per inmate costs cheaper in state-run prisons at $48.42 compared

Yawning Anthropology and Healthy Functional Person Free Essays

Ryan Casey Anthropology in the News Contagious Yawning Contagious yawning is something you can’t control. Infants after 11 weeks after birth start yawning and study’s say that around the age of four, children start to develop â€Å"contagious yawning†. Doctors use this to see if the child has a disorder such as autism. We will write a custom essay sample on Yawning: Anthropology and Healthy Functional Person or any similar topic only for you Order Now What the doctors would do is see if the child response to someone else’s yawn. If the child does respond then they would know if the child’s brain is functioning right. This is a good way for doctors of even parents to pick up if there kid has something wrong. The contagious yawning theory would be part of the social and cultural subfield of anthropology. Contagious yawning would represent social anthropology because it shows the way in which the body works and how it response to certain moves and actions that other people makes. Also, it would prove to be in the cultural subfield because it shows a pattern in the human body. Humans are not the only species that yawn. Study’s shown that all vertebrates yawn such as snakes and lizards. But only humans, chimpanzees and sometimes dogs had shown that they respond to other people yawning, known as contagious yawning. People have been yawning for as long as humans have been around. This shows that yawing and contagious yawning is in the human culture, and a sign of social bonding. Contagious yawning would be more proven in human biology because it is a reaction of the body when the brain recognize someone else yawn, it sets off a trigger in your brain that makes someone looking at someone yawning also yawn. Anthropology provides vital knowledge and information in this case of contagious yawning. This is shown in the story when they mention how the body develops overtime and when young infants at an early age of four show signs of contagious yawning. Also, it tells us how some primates and all vertebrates also devolve the theory contagious yawning. Contagious yawning is a shown is something that a healthy functional person cannot control. It is shown in the social and cultural subfields of anthropology and shows facts to support human culture, human biology and human history. Anthropology provides facts and knowledge about contagious yawning. How to cite Yawning: Anthropology and Healthy Functional Person, Papers

Designing - Improving and Implementing

Question: Discuss about the Designing, Improving and Implementing. Answer: Introduction: I believe that work is a physical or the mental attempt or action aimed at towards the production or achievement of something. I must say that I am a very result-driven person since my childhood. Doing a good job as well as achieving the desired end results is one of my primary motivations. While I enjoy working on a particular project on my own, I am specifically motivated by the buzz of working in a team. I have realized that it is very rewarding working closely with others who generally share the same and common goal (Rasula, Vuksic and Stemberger 2012). Therefore, I must say that a good team and a successful team leader motivated me highly to achieve a desired position in the workplace. Apart from that, I have understood that personal motivation is the major element to success in whatever we want to gain in our life and at the same time, this is the hardest concept as well to explain clearly. I gave felt that I feel motivated highly by constant progress. I find this exciting enough to implement innovative ideas and see them through to fruition. I find the most satisfaction in implementing out of the box ideas that ultimately prove their value (Coulson-Thomas 2012). To me, a productive day is such a day when I am capable enough to do lot of things that are very fertile in nature and has abundant results. I have found that after doing a lot of fruitful works, my satisfaction level goes high and I become satisfied enough with my activities. () has stated in his research work that it is necessary enough to engage people at all levels of the organization, as successful change management takes place at the bottom. Effective reward system is one of best and most widely used element that motivates people to perform best and take enthusiastic role in organizational change (Pemsel and Wiewiora 2013). In response to Michal Krajciks post, I must say that I also perceive works as something meaningful as well as essential. Through work only, I am capable to use my talent in a proper way to serve others. I do agree with Michal Krajcik that main start up button for success at work is generally money, power, popularity, status and some more. When Michal Krajcik said that for him, motivation is leaving legacy that is clearly visible, I completely agree. I believe that becoming a role model and motivating others to walk on the same path is another major part of motivation. I have already explained that one of the major significant aspects of motivating as well as involving employees in the organizational change is engaging people at all levels. In this case, effective communication is highly necessary and change does not mean to mandate, rather the employees are required to ask for changes (Pemsel and Wiewiora 2013). The steps mentioned in the post of Michal Krajcik are absolutely proper and I completely agree to these steps. All these seven steps are highly essential for enhancing the procedure as well as actions in the organization. In this case, I would like to add on some other seven essential steps and these are as follows: At first, it is necessary to involve the employees in the change procedure Secondly, it is necessary to interview the employees regarding their feelings Next, it is necessary to concentrate on effective delegation Then it is required to raise the levels of expectations The next step is asking the employees for commitment The best and the most effective way in this case is expanding the channels of communication The management is required to be firm, committed as well as flexible The last one is that the management is required to keep a positive attitude towards the entire procedure Magdalene Palogan Donato as well has posted on the raised topic, i.e. meaning of work. He believes that the definition of work in general varies from one way to another, as it has a broad nature. Works can be easily associated to job, employment, career, talent and many other aspects and thus it is tough to define work from one single perspective. I have found that Magdalene Palogan Donatos previous works balance has framed and helped to understand the challenges of life. Magdalene Palogan Donato has different perspectives of life, as he has stated that he is motivated by the purpose of doing the job rather than recognition and appreciation. He is motivated by the term job well done and thus his perspective differs from others. I completely agree to Magdalene Palogan Donato, as I believe in Herzbergs motivational theory. Thorough understandings of the motivation factors and hygiene factors have helped me to shape my ideas clearly (Coulson-Thomas 2012). However, it is necessary to mention here that I disagree to Magdalene Palogan Donatos viewpoint of motivating and involving people in organization, as he has stated that organizational change most of the times are considered as obstacles by the employees. Apart from this particular notion, I agree to the steps mentioned by Magdalene Palogan Donato for managing people in improving the process and activities in the organization. I have found from the research work of Magdalene Palogan Donato that every organization takes measures and methodologies to advance the overall business operation and efficiency be it throughout Balanced Scorecard, Activity-based costing, TQM, ITIL, Six Sigma, and many others methodologies (Coulson-Thomas 2012). References Coulson-Thomas, C.J., 2012.Talent Management 2: A quicker and more cost effective route to the high performance organisation. Policy Publications. Pemsel, S. and Wiewiora, A., 2013. Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), pp.31-42. Rasula, J., Vuksic, V.B. and Stemberger, M.I., 2012. The impact of knowledge management on organisational performance.Economic and Business Review for Central and South-Eastern Europe,14(2), p.147.