Structure of DNA: An Overview

Structure of DNA: An Overview The structure of DNA Deoxyribonucleic corrosive or DNA is commonly found in all life forms just as people. DNA is an acquired material that each individual has, and is set up in both the cell core and the mitochondria. A higher level of human DNA contain atomic DNA since it is found in the core. (Berger, 1998). DNA involves various properties, the most huge being; that it can duplicate itself. In the event of this procedure, the twofold helix strands of DNA are utilized as a model for recreating the base successions. (Watson, 2011). This is a significant procedure in case of cell division because of the essential prerequisite for each new cell to convey a precise DNA duplicate found in the develop cell. Adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U) are significant five synthetic bases that collect DNA’s coded data (Watson Crick, 2003). There are more than three billion of such synthetic substances. Over 99% of these bases have been end up being dependable in all people (Buchin i Leumann, 2003). Because of the intricacy and relationship of the whole DNA structure, an inside and out look of each part; DNA is the hereditary data of almost all living creatures. It very well may be duplicated over age sections of cells; it tends to be changed over into proteins; and can be retouched when required. DNA is a polymer, made out of nucleotides (Watson Crick, 2003) Hydrogen bonds: bases matching The (hydrophobic) puts together are heaped with respect to the in the inside, their level surface are vertical to the pivot of the twofold helix (Berger, 1998). The outside (phosphate and sugar) is hydrophilic. Hydrogen confines between the bases of one strand and that of the other strand hold the two strands together (ran lines in the drawing). A purine on one strand connects to a pyrimidine on the other strand. Therefore, the quantity of purines stores coordinates the quantity of pyrimidine stores (Watson, 2011). A ties T (with 2 hydrogen limits), while G ties C (with 3 hydrogen limits: progressively stable connection: 5.5 kcal versus 3.5 kcal) (Rã ¤dler Safinya, 1997). In this way, the substance in An in the DNA is equivalent to the one in T, and the substance in G approaches the one in C. The supplement of the 2 strands is subsequently (AT and GC) correspondence. One fills in as a format of the other, and the other way around. This element permits precise replication (â€Å"semi-traditionalist replication: one strand - the layout is saved, another is recently incorporated, same with the subsequent strand, rationed, permitting another to be recently synthesized†) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The model of Watson and Crick above portrayed once in a while contrasts from the Hydrogen limits in base matching from utilizing the N7 molecule of the purine rather than the N1 (Hoogsteen model). Figure 1 Significant notch and minor depression The twofold helix is a somewhat unbendable and thick atom of an immense degree and a little breadth. It presents both significant score and a minor section (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). The significant depression is significant and wide; the minor notch is dainty and shallow. DNA-protein associations are fundamental methodology in the life of the cell life. Proteins interface at the ground of the DNA grooves, utilizing an exact authoritative: hydrogen limits, and occupied official: van der Waals trades. Proteins perceive H-bond benefactors, H-bond acceptors, methyl gatherings (hydrophobic), which are later in the significant furrow (Rã ¤dler Safinya, 1997). The significant score includes 4 likely examples of acknowledgment, and 2 with the minor section. A couple of proteins tie DNA in its significant depression, some other in the minor notch, and some need to tie to both. The minor notch of twofold helical B-DNA is an area of extraordinary consideration for rising new medications due to its non-covalence high progression explicit associations for countless small particles (Berger, 1998). Minor depression restricting lies among the extensively contemplated class of specialists exemplified by, a propelled progression explicitness and having assorted organic activities. Various them show antiviral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal properties. Be that as it may, others have demonstrated antitumor movement. Figure 2 H-DNA or triplex DNA Upset rehashes (palindromes) of polypurine/polypyrimidine DNA stretches can structure triplex structures (triple helix) (Watson Crick, 2003). A triple-abandoned along with a solitary abandoned DNA are framed. H-DNA may have a capacity in pragmatic guideline of quality appearance just as on RNAs (for example restraint of translation). Figure 3 Triplex Forming Nucleotides Triplex framing oligonucleotides (TFOs) have achieved critical concentration as a potential remedial specialist to point quality articulation (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). They are a gathering of DNA oligonucleotides which are fit for combining with other primary score of the duplex DNA making triple helix (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The making of a triplex next to the principle groove prompts rivalry with the intertwining of translation factors and the proteins basic for interpretation. TFOs give explicitness grouping and thus can be utilized to point and restrain appearance of explicit qualities which are related with a specific infection state. What's more TFOs can likewise be utilized as symptomatic specialists for ID of a remote DNA (viral or bacterial) or any maladies related to transformations. Official of Triplex Forming Oligonucleotides TFOs, in the range of around 20 bases, can tie in the significant notch by means of Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds to the purine (An and G) bases as soon as possible abandoned DNA, as of now in the structure of the Watson-Crick helix. The coupling can happen at the degree of pyrimidines of one DNA strand and the contrary purines on the other. TFOs tie to the strand with purines. Individual of their base self-restraint, TFOs can tie to the twofold helix either equal or antiparallel way to the purine-bearing strand (Buchini Leumann, 2003). TFOs made of pyrimidines (C and T) tie to the purine-rich strand of the target twofold helix through Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds in an equal way. TFOs contained purines (An and G), or blended purine and pyrimidine (G and T) tie to a similar purine-rich strand through converse Hoogsteen bonds in an enemy of equal style (Rã ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Oligonucleotides with changed basic highlights Oligonucleotides pulling other compound moieties other than the typical bases are called â€Å"modified oligonucleotides†. The changes can be arranged at the 3’-or 5’-finish of the oligonucleotide, or inside the sugar-phosphate endurance or at the nucleobases. Essentially all PCR applications are as yet potential if the adjustment is near the 5’-finish of the oligonucleotide. Opposite, changes at the 3’-end commonly wedge this end for extra enzymatic reaction. So as to accomplish a flat out hindering, a rearranged end or C3-Spacer alteration is suggested (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). Synthetically incorporated oligonucleotides bear free hydroxy (OH) assortment at their pertinent 3’-and 5’-closes (Berger, 1998). In addition, some organic tests need the nearness of the normal structure of an oligonucleotide. This change requires being requested unequivocally (Rã ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Structure and Limitations DNA triple helices figure in a succession explicit path on polypurine:polypyrimidine tracts (1â€3), which are broad in mammalian genomes (4â€6). The third string lean back in the significant depression of a vital duplex and is quieted by two Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between third strand bases and the purines in the duplex (3, 7) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The third strand may involve pyrimidines, or purines, separate of the character of the objective progression. In the pyrimidine (or Y.R:Y) theme, a homopyrimidine oligonucleotide ties in a pattern corresponding to the purine strand in the duplex, with sanctioned base triplets of T.A:T and C.G:C. In the other purine theme (R.R:Y), a homopurine strand ties antiparallel to the purine strand, with base triplets of A.A:T and G.G:C (8, 9) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The advancement of TFOs could include grouping explicit quality focusing on reagents in live cells (12â€17) (Berger, 1998). In spite of this, few deterrents despite everything should be survived. Triplex science and natural chemistry incur basic confinements to TFO activity in the atomic setting, and target decisions are insufficient to polypurine:polypyrimidine successions (Watson, 2011). Furthermore, it is clear that nucleosomes can hinder triplex development (18â€20). Accordingly, simple entry to genomic targets is a significant issue. Possible utilizations of TFOs-quality focusing on Expected utilizations of TFOs grasp quality focusing on treatment especially for disease and the investigation of quality articulations. TFOs can quiet a quality record by pointing the correspondence commencement destinations, (i.e., the advertiser district), or by focusing on recording of lengthening by striking at the triplex restricting locales. Specifity of grouping is the response to productive hereditary focusing on. With the utilization of explicitness, qualities that are focused on can be changed from multiple points of view. Quality treatment operators change into powder kegs inside the cells without it. Triplex framing oligonucleotides (TFOs) combine into principle furrow of the duplex DNA with high liking and explicitness (Watson, 2011). Because of these properties, TFOs have been thought as host gadgets for the hereditary control. Late investigates have demonstrated that TFOs can intervene focused on quality achievement in mice, setting up the reason for the conceivable u se of those particles in a human being’s quality treatment. Particles that intertwine with the DNA twofold helix may meddle with quality appearance and, to add to the likely helpful applications, it tends to be valuable for the exploration of DNA preparing, bundle of chromatin, or related natural procedures. The Triplex-framing oligonucleotides (TFOs) meld with explicit arrangements

An Explanation of the Origins of the Cold War in Europe

An Explanation of the Origins of the Cold War in Europe In the repercussions of the Second World War two force coalitions shaped in Europe, one commanded by America and industrialist popular government (however there were exemptions), the other overwhelmed by the Soviet Union and socialism. While these forces never legitimately battled, they pursued a virus war of financial, military and ideological competition which overwhelmed the second 50% of the twentieth. Pre-World War Two The causes of the Cold War can be followed back to the Russian Revolution of 1917, which made a Soviet Russia with a significantly extraordinary monetary and ideological state to the entrepreneur and popularity based West. The following common war, where Western powers fruitlessly mediated, and the making of Comintern, an association committed to the spreading of socialism, all inclusive fuelled an atmosphere of doubt and dread among Russia and the remainder of Europe/America. From 1918 to 1935, with the US seeking after a strategy of neutrality and Stalin keeping Russia searching internally, the circumstance stayed one of aversion as opposed to struggle. In 1935 Stalin changed his strategy: terrified of one party rule, he attempted to frame a union with the majority rule Western forces against Nazi Germany. This activity fizzled and in 1939 Stalin marked the Nazi-Soviet settlement with Hitler, which just expanded enemy of Soviet threatening vibe in the West, yet postponed the beginn ing of war between the two forces. Be that as it may, while Stalin trusted Germany would get hindered in a war with France, early Nazi triumphs happened rapidly, empowering Germany to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. The Second World War and the Political Division of Europe The German attack of Russia, which followed an effective intrusion of France, joined the Soviets with Western Europe and later America in a partnership against their shared adversary: Adolf Hitler. This war changed the worldwide level of influence, debilitating Europe and leaving Russia and the United States of America as worldwide superpowers, with huge military quality; every other person was second. Be that as it may, the wartime collusion was not a simple one, and by 1943 each side was considering the territory of Post-war Europe. Russia ‘liberated’ huge regions of Eastern Europe, into which it needed to place its own image of government and transform into Soviet satellite states, to some degree to pick up security from the industrialist West. In spite of the fact that the Allies attempted to pick up confirmations for equitable races from Russia during mid and post war meetings, there was at last nothing they could do to prevent Russia from forcing its will on their successes. In 1944 Churchill, Prime Minister of Britain was cited as saying â€Å"Make no mix-up, all the Balkans separated from Greece will be Bolshevised and there’s nothing I can do to forestall it. There’s nothing I can accomplish for Poland, either†. In the interim, the Allies freed huge pieces of Western Europe in which they reproduced majority rule countries. Two Superpower Blocs and Mutual Distrust World War Two completed in 1945 with Europe isolated into two coalitions, each involved by the militaries of, in the west America and the Allies, and in the east, Russia. America needed an equitable Europe and feared socialism overwhelming the landmass while Russia needed the inverse, a socialist Europe wherein they commanded and not, as they dreaded, a unified, industrialist Europe. Stalin accepted, from the outset, those entrepreneur countries would before long tumble to quarreling among themselves, a circumstance he could abuse, and was terrified by the developing association among the West. To these distinctions were included dread of Soviet intrusion in the West and Russian dread of the nuclear bomb ; dread of financial breakdown in the west versus dread of monetary mastery by the west; a conflict of belief systems (private enterprise versus socialism) and, on the Soviet front, the dread of a rearmed Germany unfriendly to Russia. In 1946 Churchill depicted the isolating line amo ng East and West as an Iron Curtain.​ Control, the Marshall Plan and the Economic Division of Europe America responded to the danger of the spread of both Soviet force and socialist speculation by beginning the strategy of ‘containment’, delineated in a discourse to Congress on March 12, 1947, activity planned for halting any further Soviet development and secluding the ‘empire’ which existed. The need to end Soviet extension appeared to be even more significant soon thereafter as Hungary was taken over by a one gathering socialist framework, and later when another socialist government assumed control over the Czech state in an upset, countries which up to that point Stalin had been substance to leave as a center ground between the socialist and entrepreneur alliances. In the mean time, Western Europe was having serious monetary challenges as the countries attempted to recoup from the staggering impacts of the ongoing war. Stressed that socialist supporters were picking up impact as the economy declined, to make sure about the western markets for US items a nd to incorporate regulation, America responded with the ‘Marshall Plan’ of huge monetary guide. In spite of the fact that it was offered to both eastern and western countries, yet with specific surprises, Stalin ensured it was dismissed in the Soviet range of authority, a reaction the US had been anticipating. Somewhere in the range of 1947 and 1952 $13 billion was given to 16 for the most part western countries and, while the impacts are still discussed, it for the most part supported the economies of part countries and helped freeze socialist gatherings from power, for instance in France, where the socialists individuals from the alliance government were removed. It additionally made a monetary gap as clear as the political one between the two force coalitions. In the mean time, Stalin shaped COMECON, the ‘Commission for Mutual Economic Aid’, in 1949 to advance exchange and financial development among its satellites and Cominform, an association of socialist gatherings (counting those in the west) to spread socialism. Control additionally prompted different activities: in 1947 the CIA spent huge adds up to impact the aftereffect of Italy’s races, helping the Christian Democrats rout the Communist party. The Berlin Blockade By 1948, with Europe was immovably isolated into socialist and entrepreneur, Russian upheld and American bolstered, Germany turned into the new ‘battleground’. Germany was isolated into four sections and involved by Britain, France, America, and Russia; Berlin, arranged in the Soviet zone, was additionally partitioned. In 1948 Stalin implemented a bar of Western Berlin planned for feigning the Allies into renegotiating the division of Germany in hisâ favor, as opposed to them pronouncing war over the cut off zones. Be that as it may, Stalin had erred the capacity of airpower, and the Allies reacted with the ‘Berlin Airlift’: for eleven months supplies were flown into Berlin. Thisâ was, thus, a feign, for the Allied planes needed to fly over Russian airspace and the Allies bet that Stalin wouldn’t destroy them and hazard war. He didn’t and the barricade was finished in May 1949 when Stalin surrendered. The Berlin Blockade was the first run t hrough the past discretionary and political divisions in Europe had become an open clash of wills, the previous partners now certain foes. NATO, the Warsaw Pact and the Renewed Military Division of Europe In April 1949, with the Berlin Blockade in full impact and the danger of contention with Russia approaching, the Western forces marked the NATO settlement in Washington, making a military union: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The accentuation was immovably on defense from Soviet activity. That equivalent year Russia exploded its first nuclear weapon, discrediting the America preferred position and diminishing the opportunity of the forces participating in a ‘regular’ war in light of fears over the results of atomic clash. There were banters throughout the following hardly any years among NATO controls about whether to rearm West Germany and in 1955 it turned into a full individual from NATO. After seven days eastern countries marked the Warsaw Pact, making a military collusion under a Soviet authority. A Cold War By 1949 different sides had framed, power coalitions which were profoundly contradicted to one another, each accepting the other undermined them and all that they represented (and from various perspectives they did). In spite of the fact that there was no customary fighting, there was an atomic deadlock and mentalities and belief system solidified throughout the following decades, the hole between them developing increasingly settled in. This prompted the ‘Red Scare’ in the United States but then all the more smashing of dispute in Russia. In any case, at this point the Cold War had additionally spread past the limits of Europe, getting really worldwide as China got socialist and America mediated in Korea and Vietnam. Atomic weapons additionally developed more force with the creation, in 1952 by the US and in 1953 by the USSR, of nuclear weapons which were boundlessly more ruinous than those dropped during the Second World War. This prompted the improvement of ‘Mut ually Assured Destruction’, whereby neither the US nor USSR would ‘hot’ war with one another on the grounds that the subsequent clash would devastate a great part of the world.

New Student Photo Series 2012 Post #6 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2012 Post #6 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Photo submissions continue to roll in for our new student photo series.   If you are an incoming student and wish to share your photos on our blog, please review this entry for details on how to submit your photos. ___ Todays first set of photographs were submitted by Jesper Frant, incoming MPA-DP student ___ Colorado National Monument, Grand Junction, Colorado To commemorate Independence Day, my boss (U.S. Senator Mark Udall) and I rocked climbed up Ottos Route to raise the American flag at the summit of Independence Monument, a 550-foot-tall rock spire in the Colorado National Monument. Not bad for a last day on the job. Hiking in Tabernash, Colorado, with my brother and his twin daughters. They are nearly 3-years-old now. It has been cool watching their personalities developthey couldnt be more different. Sitting on the shoulders of a giant. I spent two years working in and exploring Washington, D.C. Me at the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem during a Birthright Israel trip. I asked an Israeli man why women prayed separately from men and why the womens section was 1/3 the size of the mens. His response: Americans are all about equality. ___ The second set of photographs were submitted by incoming student, Alana Ngoh, MIA ___ With a journalist at the Travelport launch press conference in Manama â€" Manama, Bahrain In front of the ancient Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the seven wonders of the world â€" Giza, Egypt Watching the fishermen on an early morning stroll along the Corniche in Beirut â€" Beirut, Lebanon On an impromptu tour with a friendly local in Kathmandu â€" Kathmandu, Nepal

Talcott Parson s Theory Of Pattern Variables - 1490 Words

Individuals often utilize stereotypes as an easy mechanism to organize and understand different people. Many of these stereotypes are unfortunately negative and are degrading toward a group of people. Further, stereotypes not only overgeneralize this, but can improperly evaluate the group based on ascribed traits (i.e. race, gender, age) and the impact it has on other areas of life, such as academics or work ethic. For example, African Americans are frequently stereotyped as having a lower IQ, performing poorer in academic settings, but being more athletic oriented; they face this stereotype because of their ascribed trait of skin color, or race (which is already a socially constructed phenomenon), even as it has little to no actual impact upon these aspects of life (what correlation there often is can be attributed to less opportunities, differential treatment, stereotype threat, and other factors). One way of understanding how this works is through Talcott Parson’s theory of pattern variables. As summarized by Delaney (2014 ), pattern variables help categorize the expectations of a relationship, are paired, on a spectrum, and involve three ‘rules’: 1. they are general so as to allow utilization and -comparability across cultures 2. be relevant to action frames and 3. be relevant across all social systems. There were five pattern variables often articulated: affectivity-affective neutrality, diffuseness-specificity, universalism-particularism, achievement-ascription, andShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism from Classical to Contemporary Theory787 Words   |  4 PagesFunctionalism is a social theory that has its foundations in the birth of the discipline called sociology (Adams Sydie, 2002 p.05). Angste Comte, considered the founder of sociology, believed that sociological matters should be explained through scientific study. 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Private Prisons - 1166 Words

Running head: PRISON PRIVATIZATION 1 An Assessment of Prison Privatization Sharon Baumann-Heller ORG 8575 Michael Mills August 12, 2012 PRISON PRIVATIZATION 2 Abstract Over-crowding in our federal, state, and local prisons, along with a depressed economy, has resulted in a trend toward privatization of these facilities. This paper examines the core issues surrounding private prisons in the areas of cost-effectiveness, recidivism, and the special needs of specific groups of inmates, including the elderly and mentally challenged. It explores problems related to the prison industry in general and whether privatization is the solution to these problems.†¦show more content†¦The impact of budget cuts and a depressed economy continues to pose health care problems for jails and prisons as a whole. The high rate of disease and illness experienced in the prison population poses a threat not only to the prisoners, but to the staff and general public as well (Summary, 2007). Although society thinks of prisons and jails as self-contained, what is occurring inside finds its way to the outside. For instance, untreated staph infections, hepatitis C, and HIV can directly impact the family and friends of inmates, as well as neighborhoods and communities (Summary, 2007). Reid (2008) notes that the mentally challenged present a serious challenge to our prison systems. He reports that over 50 percent of all inmates have mental health problems, with a high percentage of both jail and prison inmates meeting the criteria for psychotic disorders. Society does not know how to PRISON PRIVATIZATION 5 appropriately respond to the maladaptive behaviors exhibited by the mentally challenged, so many of them are incarcerated rather than diverted to mental facilities. Studies have shown that it would cost less money to send this class of prisoner to a mental health facility than to pay for their incarceration and related extra costs. 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In the articleRead MoreThe Cost Of Private Prisons Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the fact that private prisons typically only house healthy inmates. When cost estimates are adj usted to account for this, the results are surprising: Without adjusting for the increased medical costs imposed on state-run prisons, a 2010 Corrections Department study found that daily per inmate costs were cheaper in private prisons, at $57.97 as opposed to $60.66. However, when adjusting for medical costs, the results flipped with daily per inmate costs cheaper in state-run prisons at $48.42 compared

Yawning Anthropology and Healthy Functional Person Free Essays

Ryan Casey Anthropology in the News Contagious Yawning Contagious yawning is something you can’t control. Infants after 11 weeks after birth start yawning and study’s say that around the age of four, children start to develop â€Å"contagious yawning†. Doctors use this to see if the child has a disorder such as autism. We will write a custom essay sample on Yawning: Anthropology and Healthy Functional Person or any similar topic only for you Order Now What the doctors would do is see if the child response to someone else’s yawn. If the child does respond then they would know if the child’s brain is functioning right. This is a good way for doctors of even parents to pick up if there kid has something wrong. The contagious yawning theory would be part of the social and cultural subfield of anthropology. Contagious yawning would represent social anthropology because it shows the way in which the body works and how it response to certain moves and actions that other people makes. Also, it would prove to be in the cultural subfield because it shows a pattern in the human body. Humans are not the only species that yawn. Study’s shown that all vertebrates yawn such as snakes and lizards. But only humans, chimpanzees and sometimes dogs had shown that they respond to other people yawning, known as contagious yawning. People have been yawning for as long as humans have been around. This shows that yawing and contagious yawning is in the human culture, and a sign of social bonding. Contagious yawning would be more proven in human biology because it is a reaction of the body when the brain recognize someone else yawn, it sets off a trigger in your brain that makes someone looking at someone yawning also yawn. Anthropology provides vital knowledge and information in this case of contagious yawning. This is shown in the story when they mention how the body develops overtime and when young infants at an early age of four show signs of contagious yawning. Also, it tells us how some primates and all vertebrates also devolve the theory contagious yawning. Contagious yawning is a shown is something that a healthy functional person cannot control. It is shown in the social and cultural subfields of anthropology and shows facts to support human culture, human biology and human history. Anthropology provides facts and knowledge about contagious yawning. How to cite Yawning: Anthropology and Healthy Functional Person, Papers

Designing - Improving and Implementing

Question: Discuss about the Designing, Improving and Implementing. Answer: Introduction: I believe that work is a physical or the mental attempt or action aimed at towards the production or achievement of something. I must say that I am a very result-driven person since my childhood. Doing a good job as well as achieving the desired end results is one of my primary motivations. While I enjoy working on a particular project on my own, I am specifically motivated by the buzz of working in a team. I have realized that it is very rewarding working closely with others who generally share the same and common goal (Rasula, Vuksic and Stemberger 2012). Therefore, I must say that a good team and a successful team leader motivated me highly to achieve a desired position in the workplace. Apart from that, I have understood that personal motivation is the major element to success in whatever we want to gain in our life and at the same time, this is the hardest concept as well to explain clearly. I gave felt that I feel motivated highly by constant progress. I find this exciting enough to implement innovative ideas and see them through to fruition. I find the most satisfaction in implementing out of the box ideas that ultimately prove their value (Coulson-Thomas 2012). To me, a productive day is such a day when I am capable enough to do lot of things that are very fertile in nature and has abundant results. I have found that after doing a lot of fruitful works, my satisfaction level goes high and I become satisfied enough with my activities. () has stated in his research work that it is necessary enough to engage people at all levels of the organization, as successful change management takes place at the bottom. Effective reward system is one of best and most widely used element that motivates people to perform best and take enthusiastic role in organizational change (Pemsel and Wiewiora 2013). In response to Michal Krajciks post, I must say that I also perceive works as something meaningful as well as essential. Through work only, I am capable to use my talent in a proper way to serve others. I do agree with Michal Krajcik that main start up button for success at work is generally money, power, popularity, status and some more. When Michal Krajcik said that for him, motivation is leaving legacy that is clearly visible, I completely agree. I believe that becoming a role model and motivating others to walk on the same path is another major part of motivation. I have already explained that one of the major significant aspects of motivating as well as involving employees in the organizational change is engaging people at all levels. In this case, effective communication is highly necessary and change does not mean to mandate, rather the employees are required to ask for changes (Pemsel and Wiewiora 2013). The steps mentioned in the post of Michal Krajcik are absolutely proper and I completely agree to these steps. All these seven steps are highly essential for enhancing the procedure as well as actions in the organization. In this case, I would like to add on some other seven essential steps and these are as follows: At first, it is necessary to involve the employees in the change procedure Secondly, it is necessary to interview the employees regarding their feelings Next, it is necessary to concentrate on effective delegation Then it is required to raise the levels of expectations The next step is asking the employees for commitment The best and the most effective way in this case is expanding the channels of communication The management is required to be firm, committed as well as flexible The last one is that the management is required to keep a positive attitude towards the entire procedure Magdalene Palogan Donato as well has posted on the raised topic, i.e. meaning of work. He believes that the definition of work in general varies from one way to another, as it has a broad nature. Works can be easily associated to job, employment, career, talent and many other aspects and thus it is tough to define work from one single perspective. I have found that Magdalene Palogan Donatos previous works balance has framed and helped to understand the challenges of life. Magdalene Palogan Donato has different perspectives of life, as he has stated that he is motivated by the purpose of doing the job rather than recognition and appreciation. He is motivated by the term job well done and thus his perspective differs from others. I completely agree to Magdalene Palogan Donato, as I believe in Herzbergs motivational theory. Thorough understandings of the motivation factors and hygiene factors have helped me to shape my ideas clearly (Coulson-Thomas 2012). However, it is necessary to mention here that I disagree to Magdalene Palogan Donatos viewpoint of motivating and involving people in organization, as he has stated that organizational change most of the times are considered as obstacles by the employees. Apart from this particular notion, I agree to the steps mentioned by Magdalene Palogan Donato for managing people in improving the process and activities in the organization. I have found from the research work of Magdalene Palogan Donato that every organization takes measures and methodologies to advance the overall business operation and efficiency be it throughout Balanced Scorecard, Activity-based costing, TQM, ITIL, Six Sigma, and many others methodologies (Coulson-Thomas 2012). References Coulson-Thomas, C.J., 2012.Talent Management 2: A quicker and more cost effective route to the high performance organisation. Policy Publications. Pemsel, S. and Wiewiora, A., 2013. Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), pp.31-42. Rasula, J., Vuksic, V.B. and Stemberger, M.I., 2012. The impact of knowledge management on organisational performance.Economic and Business Review for Central and South-Eastern Europe,14(2), p.147.

TATA Company International Business

Introduction International business refers to commercial transactions that are conducted across political boarders. The boarder may describe countries, nations, states or even regions. International business is normally undertaken for purposes of profit making though transactions by governments at times carry political benefits.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on TATA Company’ International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to discuss aspects of international business with respect to a case study about TATA Company. The paper will look into the case study to identify contemporary issues that are facing the company and to carry out an evaluator analysis into the company’s position and environment. The house of Tata The house of Tata is a family enterprise that was established in the year 1868. Having been established as a trading organization, the firm evolved over time to expa nd and diversify its operations in different sectors. Just six years after its establishment, the firm turned into dealing in textiles. The company also expanded in its financial capacity and was able to establish a luxury hotel in the country in the year 1903. Four years later, the firm established a steel company. Though the firm then took time before entering into another venture, it made a major step in the year 1932 to own an airline. The house of Tata also developed a subsidiary firm that, in the year 1968, deals in software. Besides its economic significance, the Tata group has been identified as a socially sensitive enterprise following its participation in charity activities. By the year 1938, the group had expanded to thirteen companies following the ventures that established its subsidiaries. One of the administrative approaches that the group developed under J. Tata as its chairman was the autonomy that the subsidiaries were granted. A level of independence in management was advocated for which led to the group’s firms expanding to overlap in their products. By the end of J. Tata’s reign as the group’s chairperson in the year 1991, Tata group had expanded from thirteen companies to three hundred companies. The entrance of R. Tata in the year 1991 to head the group was characterized with a lot of change in the organization. Ratan managed to revive some of the organization’s subsidiaries that were not stable such as the steel company and the motors company. He also restructured the firms many subsidiaries to work in groups that were based on the type of products offered. His restructuring reorganized the group into sectors that were â€Å"information systems and communications; engineering; materials; chemicals; consumer products; energy; and services† (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 2). Some of the company’s later significant developments have been international ventures through acquisitions and merger s with foreign companies (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 2).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contemporary issues facing the company The long time duration in which the Tata group has existed has been characterized with features of opportunities, threats, strengths and even weaknesses. One of the issues that have been evident with the group, with specification to the Tata motors, has been its exploration and existence in the global market (Tata, n.d., p. 1). The group has a record of entry into the international market since the beginning of the twenty first century. The move by the company that includes acquisitions and integrations has been its strategy for exploration of and expansion into markets. The bid by the company to acquire Jaguar and Land Rover that were out for bids in the United States was an example of such explorations. Surowiecki reports that by the ye ar 2008, Tata Company had not explored the motor vehicle industry in the United States and its brand of product were not even available on the American roads. Though the company had a strong history with productions in India, it was not even yet known in the United States. The company’s dominance in its domestic market without any significant feature in foreign markets such as the United States and European markets, according to Surowiecki were due to the economic environment that surrounded the global market (Surowiecki, 2008, p. 1). Another international move by Tata motors was its partnership with MG rovers of Britain in the year 2003 that enabled the company to explore the European market. This move led to the introduction of â€Å"the Indica into the European market as the CityRover† (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 11).  In the partnership, Tata exported the brand of vehicle that was then sold in Europe by MG motors. Other acquisitions and partnerships wer e made with respect to companies in countries such as Spain, Brazil and Korea among others (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 14). The compa ny’s engagement in international trade is still on its course with an increasing trend being registered in the company’s exportation of vehicles. In April 2010 for example, the company exported one unit of a Nano brand of car that it had developed. The level of exportation of the same brand grew to reach four hundred and ninety eight by April 2011. The company is also reported to be making plans to further expand its international influence with plans to establish production units in regions such as the Latin America and Africa. Marketing techniques to expand its market in the already explored areas are also international avenues that are still being explored (News, 2011, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on TATA Company’ International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/ page Learn More Apart from the direct establishment of the company in the external markets, it has been deriving mutual exchange of expertise from the regions in which it expands. Acquisitions have for example been relinquishing technological rights to the company. The company has also to a great extent benefited from exchanging its management within its structure in different regions. A movement of a manager from one environment to another will lead to transfer of skills to the new region (Tata, n.d., p. 1).  There are also a number of issues that face the company in the form of weaknesses. One of such is the brand of vehicles that the company has been producing. Its brands have been associated with middle economic class which can not afford expensive cars. The brands are also outdated in the environment that has realized innovations from competitive companies. With the availability of many companies in the motor industry in the Indian market and the competition pr ovided by international automobile producers, the company has been struggling to cope with the market that is influenced by new car models in fashion (Research, 2009, p. 7). Also significant among the issues facing the company is the quality of its products in relation to those from other producers in the industry. A survey that was conducted over manufacturer’s ratings in the motor vehicle industry reveals that the company is not among consumer’s favorites. The result of the research that was based on factors such as â€Å"safety, quality, value, performance, environmental friendliness, design and technology† revealed a preference of other manufacturer’s vehicles as opposed to those of Tata. In relation to safety of vehicles, there are competition from brands such as â€Å"Volvo, Ford, Subaru† among others that are rated above Tata (Consumer, 2010, p. 1). Quality also rates brands such as â€Å"Toyota, Honda and Ford† among others as prefer red and value ranks â€Å"Honda, Toyota and Ford† among others in the level of preference (Consumer, 2010, p. 1). With brands such as those of Toyota, Honda and Ford among others being preferred over Tata with respect to all the aspects of the research, it is a clear indicator that regardless of the lower price of the Tata brands, they might not be preferred among those that have enough money to purchase the brands such as Toyota which have also diversified to realize production of cheap car models. The lowly priced productions of the company which has been associated with inefficiency with respect to aspects such as safety, value and quality among other car properties has thus in the long run worked to the disadvantage of the company. Other companies in the motor vehicle industry therefore have the capacity to beat Tata both in the international market as well as in India which the companies have infiltrated (Consumer, 2010, p. 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another survey that ranked vehicle brands with respect to number of problems registered per one hundred vehicles also reveals lack of efficiency in the vehicle model. According to the survey, Honda closes the list of top five with ninety nine problems registered out of every one hundred vehicles sampled. Tata vehicles are therefore characterized with at least 100 problems per 100 sampled vehicles. This reveals a probability that each and every Tata brand of vehicles have problems. Such cases of problems associated with its vehicles may turn customers away from the company’s brands (Top, 2011, p. 1).  Tata together with the entire Indian auto mobile industry has also been criticized with poor strategy in its attempt to acquire market for its products. Though the company has realized growth in market control, it is feared that this influence could be short leaved. The company has been criticized for not employing modern technologies in its production and marketing processes. One of the poor strategies that have been realized of Tata is the offensive move to counter competition that it realizes in the market without appropriate long term plans. A move that Tata has not yet identified though is perceived to be of great benefit to it is the reduction in its expenditures and development of the quality of products that it offers (Rediff, 2004, p. 1). Weaknesses facing the company are also reported to include lower return on investment which gives reflection of low profitability. The company’s sales in India are also reported to be less than its targets besides its inability to capture the market of luxury cars (MBA, 2009, p. 1). The issue of Tata’s acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover Though Tata has had a past of acquisitions and mergers with other companies especially in the bid to expand its market influence, it ought not to acquire the two brands of vehicles, Jaguar and Land Rover. Available options to Tata group Though the Tata group has m ajorly resorted to mergers and acquisitions in its bid to expand, especially to the international market, it in general terms has a variety of options for expansion of its market in foreign countries. Ansoff’s growth matrix One of the strategies that the group can adopt is the matrix approach that is based on consideration of both market forces and the organizations products. Under this approach, considerations are made with respect to existing markets and products as well as possible new markets and products. The approach then gives rise to elements such as â€Å"market penetration, product development, market development and diversification† (Action, n.d., 1). Market penetration: market penetration refers to the move by a firm to increase its control of an existing market. Under this move, the Tata group can make efforts to capitalize on the control of its domestic market that it has experienced and has good knowledge of. This approach may be less risky and relativel y cheaper for the company as compared to the acquisitions that are directed to new and distant markets from the firm’s original location. Market development as an approach to the matrix method on the other hand entails the introduction of an organizations existing product into new markets. The market could be the organization’s domestic or a foreign one. Under this approach, the group can resort to exploring its unexploited markets in terms of geographical regions and social classes. It can take its products to these markets and employ marketing strategies to increase its sales in these markets. This, if successful can enable the company to increase its sales and hence its revenues and profitability.  Product development on the other hand establishes new products into an existing market. With this approach, the firm can enter into innovations of new brands of commodities such as its own initiatives into new brands of luxury vehicles for example. With its originality, the organization can then take advantage of the good will that it has over time developed in India and its other markets. Following the company’s ability that has given it market share in the past, its newly introduced products will be acceptable and even perform better if they are associated with developed quality and efficiencies. Tata can similarly introduce its new products and venture them in entirely new environments. Such could have been the case instead of acquisitions. The company could have been introducing its originally invented products into markets such as the United States, Europe and even other regions like Latin America and Africa. The diversification approach can be in the organization’s lines of production or can be ventures into other lines such introduction of a different commodity (Action, n.d., 1). Franchising and licensing The use of franchising and licensing over intellectual property is another avenue that the company can employ to help it im prove its revenues. With relatively less investments into inventions, the company can earn from contracts over its intelligence. The advantage behind franchising is the fact that it is not capital intensive and is therefore less risky once the property is established. Such moves will also help Tata in developing capacity into innovative moves for more quality products (Action, n.d., 1). Public equity Generating funds from public investors into major development steps that could only be unaffordable to the company can also be a strategy. Given enough resources such as finances, the firm can for instance have the capacity to develop new brands and their manufacturing sites in its domestic and foreign markets. Direct ventures such as increasing its direct exports into foreign markets are also a positive move (Action, n.d., 1). Foreign direct investments Another venture that Tata could have adopted in its initiative to diversify into international market is through foreign direct invest ments into its target countries. With the general wave of countries encouraging for foreign direct investments with even government initiatives to facilitate the same, Tata could take the advantage to establish its production units in foreign markets (Bento Joao, 2009, 2). Evaluation The decision against Tata’s acquisition of the two models is based on the circumstances that have surrounded the vehicle brands. One of the issues that clouded the acquisition of the brands is the economic downfall in the brand’s dominant markets which is the United States and Europe. With the melt down, Tata company was undertaking a risk that could impact its financial stability. This is because the vehicle brands had in the first place been associated with significant loses and coupled with the poor economic status in their markets; Tata stood a risk of failing to recover its investments in the two brands. The currency factor that would over time change due to cross border transactions also posed a threat to Tata’s financial interests in the transaction. The move thus put Tata’s profitability at great risk (Icmirida, 2008, p. 7). Another challenge to the acquisition would be the barriers in the culture between the operational set ups of the acquired brands and that of Tata’s India. In India for instance, there is an established culture that any business that is crumbling can be revived even under limited resources and poor business environment. Though this is a good philosophy, it is not very promising in environments where productions are based on efficiencies and resource limitation is not a factor. The two brands that are at their poor financial states might not be successfully revived to a competitive level with other European and American brands as would be possible in India where domestic competitors depend on the philosophy (Thite, Wilkinson and Budhwar, n.d., p. 2). The poor quality production reported of Tata, that could be associated with its Indian philosophy of working under limited resources, could as well pose a threat to the development of the already loss oriented car brands. This is actually significant in the environment where unlike India, quality is given preference. The investment might therefore not pick up to sustainability (Hall, 2011, p. 1). The general trend that was adopted by the firm in its move to venture into the international market appears to be more risky relative to other available options for expansion into international markets. Measures such as the growth matrix and exportation allow an investing entity a basis of originality that could drive well among customers. Direct foreign investments that are well initiated with established authority and rights of the investor are another positive avenue for expansion. Acquisitions and mergers especially with entities that are not profit making in on the other hand a more tasking initiative (Action, n.d., 1), (Bento Joao, 2009, 2). Recommendat ions Regardless of the company’s moves to expand its market control in the motor vehicle industry, it is still faced with problems such as inefficiencies in its production processes leading low quality products. The company should therefore develop a strategy into transforming its operations to be in line with the level of technology and quality in the market. This will help the company’s products to gain preference among consumers. The company should also take measures to directly improve its image in the market. Contrary to moving to have acquisitions as a strategy to increasing its sales, the company should concentrate its efforts on marketing its cheap brands in developing country where customers might resort to lower cost as opposed to expensive brands. The company also has better and safer approaches into the international market. Instead of rushing into acquisitions and mergers, the firm can independently make avenues into the international markets. Foreign dire ct investments, exportation and market expansion would be better for the Tata group of companies. Conclusion The Tata group having been established as a family business developed over time to have independent subsidiaries. Its development has also included diversification of its market by acquiring enterprises in international markets. The company is however characterized by a weak system that produces poor quality products. Its move to acquire Jaguar and Land Rover don’t seem to be a good move following its weaknesses and the threats that such acquisitions are associated with. On the contrary, the firm should have adopted other techniques in exploring the international market. References Action. (n.d.). growing your business- growth and expansion. Available from: http://www.ace.org.sg/Site/Page.aspx?id=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000013421. Bento Joao. (2009). Economic Integration, International Trade and the Role of Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Portuguese Manufact uring. Berlin, Germany: LIT Verlag Mà ¼nster Consumer. (2010) Most important factors in buying a car. [Online] Available from: http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/new-cars/news/2010/01/2010-car-brand-perceptions-survey/most-important-factors/brand-perceptions-most-important-factors.htm Hall, W. (2011) Jaguar Land Rover: Halewood makes its case. [Online] Available from: http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/41a5ef84-8dbf-11dd-83d5-0000779fd18c.html#axzz1NflZEKu0 Icmirida. (2008) Tata motor’s acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover. [Online] Available from: http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20strategy/BSTR313.htm Khanna, T., Palepu, K and Bullock, R. (2009) House of Tata: Acquiring a global footprint. New York: Cengage Learning. MBA. (2009) TATA motors swot analysis. [Online] Available from: http://www.mba-tutorials.com/marketing/251-tata-motors-swot-analysis.html News. (2011) Nano goes global as Tata Motors begins export. [Online] Available from: http://ne ws.24by7info.net/nano-goes-global-as-tata-motors-begins-export/ Rediff. (2004) The big threat to Indian autos. [Online] Available from: http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/sep/21guest2.htm Research. (2009) Automobile sector. [Online] Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/Nisha08/research-3372818 Surowiecki, J. (2008) The Tata invasion. [Online] Available from: http://www.newyorker.com/talk/financial/2008/01/28/080128ta_talk_surowiecki Tata. (n.d.) SWOT Analysis-Tata motors limited. [Online] Available from: http://www.marketingteacher.com/swot/tata-motors-swot.html Thite, M., Wilkinson, A and Budhwar, P. (n.d.) Internationalization of India Inc. [Online] Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd=2ved=0CCgQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrm.org%2Fabout%2Ffoundation%2Fresearch%2FDocuments%2FThite%2520India%2520Paper%25204-11.docxrct=jq=acquisition%20of%20jaguar%20by%20tata-%20cultural%20barrierei=ejjhTY_9C4rAhAfU09HWBgusg=AFQjCNGGw6IcSVzGg87ej21DtOKdnTxz8wcad=rja To p. (2011) The top 5 car brands with the least quality problems. [Online] Available from: http://www.top5ofanything.com/index.php?h=24788248 This report on TATA Company’ International Business was written and submitted by user Jillian Farmer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How does Act 3 Scene 1 create and increase the dramatic tension leading to the end of the play Essays

How does Act 3 Scene 1 create and increase the dramatic tension leading to the end of the play Essays How does Act 3 Scene 1 create and increase the dramatic tension leading to the end of the play Essay How does Act 3 Scene 1 create and increase the dramatic tension leading to the end of the play Essay Shakespeare, soon to become the worlds most famous playwright, was in his peak of playwriting abilities during 1593 when he wrote Romeo and Juliet. He wrote to entertain in the Rose Theatre, Bankside in London. At that time London was a lively, highly populated place where aspiring writers and entertainers may go to claim their fortunes and in many ways still is. William Shakespeare had many rivals and obstacles to overcome and was living life on the edge.The Master of the Revels was able to shut down theatres at the strike of a pen as it was seen to be unholy to go to the theatre and many other writers also hoped for success, one of them being Christopher Marlowe. Romeo and Juliet was Shakespeares first play that was exciting enough to really rival Marlowe, mainly because it includes, portrays and expresses basic and important emotions such as love, passion and violence which are still felt strongly to this day. This is one of the reasons it is studied, watched and respected in the twenty first century.Romeo and Juliet is set in sixteenth century Italy in fair Verona. The play is set around two rival high status families from which two opposing star crossed lovers take their life. The families are typical of high status Italian families we hear about today: always feuding, outgoing, loud, strong minded and very quick tempered. In many ways these families are the roots of the modern mafia. This intertextuality already increases the dramatic tension. Many characters are involved in the play and they stand for different binary oppositions: Benvolio is a peaceful person, I do but keep the peace whereas the fiery Tybalt is a very violent and hot headed person, what, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word.However some characters are very similar such as Mercutio and Tybalt; they are both quick witted, volatile and both resort to violence which is shown before they meet making the audience (in sixteenth century theatre the audience were entertained most by violence and sex) excited at the prospect of the two most violent people in the play who happen to be enemies meeting; also increasing the dramatic tension. Another aspect increasing the dramatic tension is in the prologue it states where civil blood makes civil blood unclean. The audience will have experienced a public brawl in which no-one was killed which also resulted in a warning from the prince that anymore public fighting will result in death, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. This will leave the audience wondering when death will result, keeping the audience involved and anticipating this event.Another Event that increases the dramatic tension is in Act 2 scene 6 Romeo and Juliet get secretly married, Come, come with me, and we will make short work, For by your leaves, you shall not stay alone till holy church incorporate into one., creating dramatic irony as only us, Romeo, Juliet, Friar Lawrence and the Nurse know about it. This dramatic irony comes into play effectiv ely during Act 3 scene 1 when Tybalt confronts Romeo.During Act 3 scene 1 Tybalt approaches the Montague and Mercutio looking for Romeo. The day is hot, the capels abroad, and if we meet shall not scape a brawl This reinforces Benvolios character as cautious and peaceful and also implies a fight will happen soon once the Capulets and the Montagues meet increasing the audiences expectations of the fatal confrontation, adding to the dramatic tension. When Tybalt arrives, the atmosphere changes and Benvolio warns By my head here comes the Capulets. To which Mercutio replies By my heel, I care not, showing Mercutios quick wit and his will for a fight although perhaps not a serious retort.In the play I feel that Mercutios line should be spoken slowly and confidently as it is one of the key lines in the play signifying a violent challenge may arise during or soon after this scene. The mood really changes when Tybalt and Mercutio start quarrelling, starting off with Tybalt provoking Mercut io by insulting him by suggesting he is homosexual with Romeo Mercutio, thou consortest with Romeo. Consort is an Elizabethan word meaning to keep company or to entertain. Mercutios response in my mind is very clever and quick witted as he turns the insult into a challenge to fight as he draws his sword as he describes as a fiddlestick, Consort? Dost thou make us minstrels?And thou make minstrels of us, look to hear nothing but discords. Heres my fiddlestick, heres that shall make you dance. Zounds, consort!. Dramatic tension is increased as the audience now fully expects a fight and may remember the princes warning. The similarities between Mercutio and Tybalt are now very clear but one difference is that Mercutio speaks in prose whereas Tybalt speaks in Poetry suggesting maybe that Tybalt is more sophisticated or Mercutio is in a mild rage unable to project his words clearly and Tybalt is more calm and confident.As Romeo enters dramatic irony adds to the ever increasing dramatic t ension because the audience remembers the secret marriage between him and Tybalts cousin Juliet. Tybalt immediately insults Romeo and challenges him but he refuses saying But love thee better than thou canst devise leaving Mercutio infuriated, O calm, dishonourable, vile submission!, and Tybalt confused. At this point the audience knows a fight will happen even if Romeo isnt involved. Mercutio then challenges Tybalt and they proceed to fight; Romeo tries to split up the brawl but this results in Mercutio being wounded. Tybalt then leaves. Mercutio jokes about his injury but clearly states that it is fatal Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man. Although he is still joking while he says thiscreating some relief for the audience using the word grave as a pun meaning both: a trench dug in the ground for the burial of a corpse and serious or sombre. And blames Romeo repeating A plaque aboth houses, leaving Romeo feeling guilty and feeling as though he has to avenge Merc utios certain death. Mercutio leaves before he dies, which could be for many reasons: he is a very popular character and the audience would be annoyed to see him die or simply maybe Shakespeare wouldnt have wanted too many bodies on stage.Dramatic tension is dramatically increased now as the audience has witnessed one death but feel as though another death will occur, seeing Romeo seeking revenge. Tybalt comes back finding Romeo challenging him showing a new side to Romeo. This shall determine that. They fight and eventually Romeo overcomes Tybalt and kills him. This is a totally new side to Romeo we havent seen yet as he has been portrayed as a gentleman and a peaceful person much like Benvolio.This is perhaps the turning point in the play as Romeos violent side has been exposed and leaves the audience wondering whether this is his true personality or whether it was a one off burst of rage. This turning point signifies the play is moving faster to the dramatic conclusion, building up the dramatic tension for later in the play. Romeo exclaims O, I am fortunes fool. before leaving. This I feel should be shouted as it truly expresses Romeo emotions and feelings at this present point in time and it signifies the involvement of fate which is mentioned before in the play.Romeo leaves just in time as the Prince arrives along with Lord Montague, Lord Capulet and their wives. The Prince decides that punishing Romeo with death would be un-necessary as enough lives have been taken already so instead he banishes Romeo from Verona but he if he returns he will be killed. And for that offence immediately do we exile him hence. This creates dramatic tension as it leaves the audience wondering what Romeo will do as he can either return to see Juliet and run the risk of being caught and killed or he can Stay away for Verona and not see his Juliet.During Act 3 Scene 1 the Elizabethan audience would have responded well because it was fast paced with lots of exits and entrances, violence and excitement. I personally feel that this is the most interesting and exciting scene as it unravels peoples true personalities and the dramatic tension is built up very well until two climactic fights.

Stafford Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stafford Act - Essay Example However, despite the act having very clear stipulations on the process of emergency declaration, types of assistance on disaster available and means of dispatching and coordinating the assistance, critics have pointed out over a number of weaknesses of the Act as it is. The shortcomings pointed out over the act therefore necessitate a thorough reform on the Stafford Act in order to ensure its efficiency and effectiveness is guaranteed. Thesis statement: A complete reformation of the Act is not only important but also argent as the Stafford Act lacks flexibility and is slow to provide cash quickly in the event of disaster which is declared an emergency. Major shortcomings of the Act as it is are observed right from the procedures that are to be followed in declaration of an emergency as a disaster by the governor and the president to the ultimate response through financial and physical support as deemed necessary. The main weakness observed by this paper is on the lack of flexibility and quick response as is caused by lots of bureaucracy while establishing the magnitude of the effect of the disaster by the local authorities and having the governor request for assistance from the president through writing which must also pass through such offices as the office of regional director. In spite of the fact that procedures of intergovernmental coordination are highly bureaucratic, the act fails to acknowledge that in the event of an emergency, prompt response is critical and as such establishes less bureaucratic procedure through which state governments should involve the federal government n prompt response to emergencies resultant from a disaster. Much of time is spent while a governor evaluates and estimates the magnitude of the effect of a disaster in terms of costs to be incurred in mitigating the effects, evaluating the localized impacts, evaluating coverage by insurance policies in place, processes of hazard mitigation as well as

The Impact of Technology in the Delivery of Healthcare Research Paper

The Impact of Technology in the Delivery of Healthcare - Research Paper Example Thus in 1998, The Committee on the Quality of Health Care in America, or CQHCA was established in order to develop plans to create substantial improvement in healthcare quality (IOM, 2001). A report released by the OIM contained the findings and recommendations of the committee, and it was mentioned that the committee gave emphasis on the support of meticulously and well-thought of designs in making the health care delivery system a lot more safer, much more effective, as well as being patient-centered, suitable to the patients’ needs, reasonable and competent (IOM, 2001). Both of the IOM reports showed how medicine and innovation can work together for better results, and it can be accomplished by the use of information technology. Using information technology as the means to implement changes in the health care industry means that the system would be upgraded to give better and more reliable results for both patients and health personnel (IOM, 2001). The main goals that were set by the CQHCA that utilize information technology were developed to address the following aspects of the health industry: Safety – there are evidences showing that automated order entry system can bring down the number of errors in drug prescription and dosage administration. Effectiveness – there are evidences showing automated reminder system improves the compliance rate with clinical protocols and guidelines. Patient-centered – information technology can be used to facilitate access to clinical information through Web sites and online support groups: and tailor fit health education as well as disease management information. Timely – IT can provide clinicians and patients timely information through Internet-based communication such as telemedicine and e-visits. Efficiency – clinical decision support system made possible by IT reduces the need for redundant laboratory tests. Equity – provision of broader range of options for interaction through Internet-based communication with clinicians to all people, regardless of ethnicity, race, geographical location, and socio-economic status. Electronic Health Records through Information Technology Electronic health record (EHR) is a system that is composed of electronic devices, computer programs, active users such as medical personnel and providers, support mechanisms, and other enhancements that not only document care, but also improves its provision (Amatayakul & Lazarus, 2005). It is a collection of health information of individual patients or of groups of people or a population that can be retrieved electronically from a closed system of programs. It may include the patient’s personal data such as age, weight, medical history, laboratory tests, and billing information. Overall, EHR is a clinician’s tool that manages various areas of patient care (Carter 2001). The most common computer systems and their functions in order to make electronic health records as efficient as possible are shown in table 1.

Performance Analysis of Reusable Software Systems

Performance Analysis of Reusable Software Systems Monika Kalotra Dr. Kuljit Kaur Abstract: To improve the quality of software system, there is a need to eliminate or reduce the rework. Software reuse is one of the solution proposed for it. Software reuse involves reuse of existing software modules, also called reusable software components, while creating new software systems. In the context of software reuse, it is important to evaluate the performance of reusable software components as performance is a crucial factor in the selection of any third party or existing software components. This paper shows a comparative study on the performance analysis of four reusable software components-hibernate, spring, IBatis and EclipseLink. This paper presents the way to build a comparative analysis that shows the average execution time, average heap usage, and average CPU utilization of the reusable software components using java based VisualVM tool. Keywords: Performance, Software Reusability, java framework, CBSD. I. INTRODUCTION In 1968, to overcome the software crisis Mcllroy proposed the concept of software [1]. To build large reliable software systems in a controlled and cost effective way, he pointed towards the effective use of reusable software components [2]. The results of software reuse to improve the productivity of the programmer because with the reuse we can produce high quality software at a minimum cost and deliver it within a short span of time [6]. Reused software is of better quality than new software because it has been already tried and tested in other systems. There are two approaches for reuse of code: develop the code with reuse or develop the code for reuse. In either case, there is a need of measuring the quality of the reusable piece of software [8]. The reuse of program/software is a common technique which attempts to save time and cost by reducing duplicate work. This paper presents a comparative study on the performance of four reusable software components hibernate, spring, IBatis, EclipseLink. These are Object Relational Mapping based framework. They can be used in developing a Java application. These components map the java classes to relational tables in database with the help of SQL queries. Several SQL queries are executed on these components at the backend. In order to measure the execution time, CPU utilization of every executed SQL query, performance benchmarks are used. We make a comparison between these reusable components using java VisualVM tool. II. RELATED WORK To evaluate software reusability two approaches are used: qualitative and empirical [11]. The qualitative methods require significantly manual efforts and depend on a subjective value. Empirical methods depend on the objective data that can be collected with the help of some simulation tool. The performance metrics of component based systems, which are the challenging properties to predict and measure [4]. They have performed three case studies on performance analysis of real-time systems using Deep Compass framework. For performance analysis, software toolkit called CARAT is used for model synthesis and simulation. The performance of prediction methods based on models that support a development process from top to bottom, where developers create a new architecture and software components [3]. These methods rarely integrating existing components in the software architecture models. While there are many tools for performance measurement and profiling existing software components cannot be directly tested the performance when integrated into a model. A systematic approach proposed to software reuse are built to reuse and build by recycling [5]. The problems in software engineering is not a lack of reuse, but a lack of systematic reuse. They know how to do, but they do it informally. The concept of reuse is used to reduce the cost, effort and execution time for software development. Re also raises the productivity, maintainability and reliability of the software, which has been evaluated before in other software. Reusable software components framework is proposed. Empirical observations was made by applying the framework to the recording system C. The result clearly shows that the proposed framework to reduce the work of software developers, who needed a bit of effort to build reuse or build by recycling. The most complex components in the software development process is the database. The performance analysis of persistence framework explained in [15]. The complexity increases when the perspective differs of the interacting components. The performance comparison of two persistence frameworks namely Hibernate and IBatis using a banking database. Both the framework maps JavaBeans to SQL statements using a XML descriptor. The online banking application case study is used. Performance is measured using a java program which uses basic SQL operations on the banking database and the Round Trip Time is calculated and used to measure the way these mapping tools perform under various situations. The performance of both of these tools in single and multi-user environments are evaluated. Hibernate performs better because it supports lazy fetching and mapping associations. To develop the performance of software applications is a major problem in software applications. The solution is to avoid the assessment of late performance [10]. A prediction approach to provide the best solution to solve the problem. Three types of approaches to performance prediction used to know the measurement approach, the approach based on a model and a mixed approach. The main goal is to improve the performance of the software. Steffen and Ralf reported five factors that impact the performance of software component is the implementation components, resource conflicts, use patterns, platform deployment and required services. Quantitative approaches related to the objectives of the performance engineering of software to evaluate the software, which by focusing on quality factors of performance such as response time and throughput. In the end result, the hybrid approach is the best approach. III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Data Collection To analyze the performance of reusable software components, we have downloaded some jar files relevant to these reusable software components. A Java application can be started with a set of jar files. For implementing various libraries and plug-ins in java applications these jar files are used. The various jar files being used are mysql-connector-java, hibernate-core, hibernate-validator, jboss-logging-3.1.3.ga-sources, javassist, org.springframework, org.springframework.Expression, ibatis-dao, ibatis.jar, javassist, IBatis-common and eclipselink. B. Performance Metrics: VisualVM is a tool that provides interface for viewing detailed information about Java based applications [7]. VisualVM organizes data about the JVM software and presents the information that enables the developer to quickly view data on multiple Java applications. Java VisualVM can be used by Java application developers to monitor and improve java applications performance. There are four metrics used to analyze the performance of reusable software components. a). CPU Utilization: Using this metric, you can see how much of CPU is being consumed by database activities. CPU utilization is used to track CPU performance when running a specific piece of code. It is measured in %. b). Total Classes loaded: VisualVM counts the total number of classes loaded for any java application. c). Heap used: It shows how much of the heap is currently used by a java application. It is measured in MB. d). Threads: Athreadis a programs path of execution. Two types of threads are used: live thread and daemon thread. i. Live Thread also called used thread. User thread are threads created by programmer. ii. Daemon Threads are called service provider threads and run parallel to your code. When Java Virtual Machine finds no user threads all daemon thread terminate immediately. Some reusable Software Components are used to analyze the performance and make a comparison between them. A. Hibernate In 2001, Hibernate was developed by Gavin King. Hibernate is a tool for object-relational mapping. Object-relational mapping is a programming method for mapping Java objects to relational model where Java classes are mapped to tables [6] database. This is an open source persistent framework. There is a persistence framework powerful high performance and query service for Java application. Hibernate fills the gap and establish a connection between a Java application and a database. Hibernate uses the OO approach based on Java and binds known as POJO (plain old java objects) into a single object and table cards in a database java classes [14]. B. Spring Spring is a free and open source framework that offers many features for developers. It was jointly developed by Rod Johnson and Juergen Hoeller in June 2003 is also a base ORM framework. Spring Framework aims to make application development enterprise Java easier to use and promote good programming by allowing a POJO-based programming model. Important features are the Inversion of Control, AOP and Spring MVC [12]. Spring Framework allows us to manage the relationships between different parts of the project to loose coupling between modules. C. IBatis This is an open source Java-based framework for ORM mapping data. In 2001, IBatis developed by Clinton Begin. IBATIS is a persistence framework that allows the mapping between SQL databases and Java objects. Mappings are separated from the application logic by wrapping SQL statements in XML configuration files. IBATIS is a lightweight frame. IBatis mapping parameters and results between class properties and the columns of the database table [9]. D. EclipseLink The EclipseLink provides object relational persistence solution with additional features for developers. EclipseLink is also a focused framework for ORM progressed and provides support for relational databases. EclipseLink is a source object persistence and transformation of the open object framework. It provides execution capabilities that reduce development efforts and maintenance of an application. The software provides an extensible framework that allows developers to interact with many data services [13]. IV. RESULTS A. Simulation Environment Performance of Hibernate, Spring, EclipseLink and IBatis is measured using a java simulation tool. These four reusable software components perform basic SQL operations on the music database and the execution time is calculated and used to measure the way these mapping tools perform under various situations. The aim is to get the time from generation of SQL to querying music database and then getting back the data. The conditions were the same for all these components. The execution time of application is computed by applying select, insert database operations on these four reusable software components. For this purpose, a set of SQL queries is executed against music database. The performance of Hibernate, Spring, IBatis and EclipseLink is monitored under multi user environment because java supports multithreading environment. The tests were conducted in the following environment: Operating system: Microsoft Windows 7, Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor, Memory: 2GB. To monitor a java application, the parameters that we have used are CPU Utilization, Classes loaded, No. of Threads executed and Heap used by reusable software component. The experimental results of these software components are represented using graphical charts. In this we have considered select and insert sql queries as two benchmarks. For the first Select Benchmark we have used these SQL queries are: TABLE 1. For Select Query These SQL select queries are executed at the backend in the database. When we run these queries it shows how much CPU is utilized, how many classes are loaded, how much heap is used and how much time it takes to execute the java application. According to the average graphs, it is clear that IBatis perform better for select query because its development time is less as compared to other components. IBatis is a data mapper i.e. it maps results sets to the object in java application while other components map the columns of database tables with the java classes. IBatis makes use of SQL which is database dependent. According to the graphs, IBatis has less average CPU utilization, less execution time and consumes less heap because stored procedures are used. A stored procedures is a group of SQL statements that created and stored on database. The stored procedures improved the heap usage and improve the performance of application. IBatis loaded less no. of classes because of lazy loading and another reason is multiple threads are executed simultaneously. The insignificant code is reduced to access a database. The results of select query benchmarks are shown in fig1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Fig 1. Execution time Fig 2: Average Heap Used Fig 3: Total no. Classes loaded Fig 4: No. of Threads Executed Fig 5: CPU usage The insertion operation is regarded as the second benchmark. The insert operation is used to insert one or more rows in a database table. The first command of language data manipulation performed immediately after the creation of this table is the insertion expression. For the second Insert Benchmark we have used these SQL queries: TABLE 2. For Insert Query According to the average graphs, the Charts shown that IBatis performs better for insert benchmark. The average execution time is large, maximum heap is used because multiple records are inserted in to database tables. The only operation in which spring consumes more time is for the insert operation. The number of threads executed to run a java application in IBatis is less than hibernate because we don’t have to create the separate session for threads to insert objects into the database. The sessions in IBatis enhance the performance by reducing the number of times the application needs to access the data. In this case, larger number of classes are loaded in EclipseLink than IBatis but lesser than hibernate. EclipseLink consumes more CPU with respect to the other components. For every insert operations so much effort was necessary on querying, IBatis handles this query in a better way. The results of insert query benchmarks are shown in fig 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Fig 6: Execution time Fig 7: CPU utilization Fig 8: Heap Used. Fig 9: No. of Threads Executed. Fig 10. Number of classes loaded V. CONCLUSION This paper presents the comparative analysis of four reusable software components namely hibernate, spring, IBatis and EclipseLink. Reusability allows us to use existing software system rather than building them from scratch. Three performance benchmarks namely SELECT, INSERT and JOIN queries are used in order to measure the performance of reusable software components. These benchmarks were applied on these four reusable software components to analyze their performance and to make a comparison among them. The performance was analyzed using these performance metrics such as CPU utilization, heap Used, number of threads executed, execution time and number of classes loaded with the help of VisualVM. According to our results in SELECT and INSERT queries, IBatis showed outstanding results as compared to other reusable components because it uses less average CPU utilization because of multithreading. IBatis consumes less heap because caching in IBatis improves the performance by caching a ll the results in the mapping statement and reducing the unnecessary trips to the database. IBatis loaded less number of classes because IBatis is a light weight component. REFERENCES [1]. McIlroy, Doug, â€Å"Mass Produced Software Components† Software Engineering Concepts and Techniques: Proceedings of the NATO Conferences, J.M. Buxton, P. Naur, and B. Randell, eds., Petrocelli/Charter, 1969. [2]. Johannes Sametinger, â€Å"Software Engineering with Reusable Components†, ACM Computing Surveys, ISBN: 3-540-62695-6, 1997. [3]. Simonetta Balsamo, Antinisca Di Marco, Paola Inverardi, and Marta Simeoni. â€Å"Model-Based Performance Prediction in Software Development: A Survey†, Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 30, Issue: 5 ISSN: 0098-5589,pp-223-228, 2004 [4]. V. Grassi, R. Mirandola, and A. Sabetta, â€Å"A Model Transformation Approach for the Early Performance and Reliability Analysis of Component-Based Systems†, Proc. In CBSE 6th joint meeting of the European software engineering conference and the ACM SIGSOFT, ISBN 978-1-4503-2237-9, 2006. [5]. Anas Bassam AL-Badareen, Mohd Hasan Selamat and Sherzod Turaev, â€Å"Reusable Software Components Framework†, International conference on Advances in Communications, Computers, Systems and Devices, ISBN: 978-960-474-250-9, 2008. [6]. Jiya Jiang , Yu Liu, â€Å"The Construction of E-Business Portal Based on Struts, Spring and Hibernate†, IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies, 2009. [7]. VisualVM tool accessed from http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/html/as400/v4r5/ic2924/index.htm?info/rzaihh.htm, 2009. [8]. Dantas, F., Garcia, â€Å"A. Software Reuse versus Stability: Evaluating Advanced Programming Techniques†, Proc. SBES10, Brazil, 2010. [9]. Zhiyu Zhou and Zhiang Chen, â€Å"Performance Evaluation of Transparent Persistence Layer in Java Applications†, IEEE proceedings International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery ISBN: 978-1-4244-8434-8, 2010. [10]. Adil Ali Abdelaziz, Wan M.N. Wan Kadir and Addin Osman, â€Å"Comparative Analysis of Software Performance Prediction Approaches in Context of Component-based System†, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 23– No.3, June 2011. [11] Anupama Kaur, Himanshu Monga, Mnupreet Kaur, â€Å"Performance Evaluation of Reusable Software Components†, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2012. [12]. Ankur Bawiskar, Vinayak Kankate, â€Å"Integration of Struts, Spring and Hibernate for an University Management Sys†, International Journal of Emerging Tech and Advanced Engineering, 2012. [13] EclipseLink accessed from http://www.eclipse.org/eclipselinkjpa_extensions.pdf, 2012. [14] Hibernate accessed from http://www.tutorialspoint.com/hibernate/hibernateoverview.htm, 2012. [15]. S. M. Thampi and Ashwin Kumar, â€Å"Performance Comparison of Persistence Frameworks, Published in Cornell University Library, Arxiv, ISSN-1653-5715, 2013.