Performance Analysis of Reusable Software Systems

Performance Analysis of Reusable Software Systems Monika Kalotra Dr. Kuljit Kaur Abstract: To improve the quality of software system, there is a need to eliminate or reduce the rework. Software reuse is one of the solution proposed for it. Software reuse involves reuse of existing software modules, also called reusable software components, while creating new software systems. In the context of software reuse, it is important to evaluate the performance of reusable software components as performance is a crucial factor in the selection of any third party or existing software components. This paper shows a comparative study on the performance analysis of four reusable software components-hibernate, spring, IBatis and EclipseLink. This paper presents the way to build a comparative analysis that shows the average execution time, average heap usage, and average CPU utilization of the reusable software components using java based VisualVM tool. Keywords: Performance, Software Reusability, java framework, CBSD. I. INTRODUCTION In 1968, to overcome the software crisis Mcllroy proposed the concept of software [1]. To build large reliable software systems in a controlled and cost effective way, he pointed towards the effective use of reusable software components [2]. The results of software reuse to improve the productivity of the programmer because with the reuse we can produce high quality software at a minimum cost and deliver it within a short span of time [6]. Reused software is of better quality than new software because it has been already tried and tested in other systems. There are two approaches for reuse of code: develop the code with reuse or develop the code for reuse. In either case, there is a need of measuring the quality of the reusable piece of software [8]. The reuse of program/software is a common technique which attempts to save time and cost by reducing duplicate work. This paper presents a comparative study on the performance of four reusable software components hibernate, spring, IBatis, EclipseLink. These are Object Relational Mapping based framework. They can be used in developing a Java application. These components map the java classes to relational tables in database with the help of SQL queries. Several SQL queries are executed on these components at the backend. In order to measure the execution time, CPU utilization of every executed SQL query, performance benchmarks are used. We make a comparison between these reusable components using java VisualVM tool. II. RELATED WORK To evaluate software reusability two approaches are used: qualitative and empirical [11]. The qualitative methods require significantly manual efforts and depend on a subjective value. Empirical methods depend on the objective data that can be collected with the help of some simulation tool. The performance metrics of component based systems, which are the challenging properties to predict and measure [4]. They have performed three case studies on performance analysis of real-time systems using Deep Compass framework. For performance analysis, software toolkit called CARAT is used for model synthesis and simulation. The performance of prediction methods based on models that support a development process from top to bottom, where developers create a new architecture and software components [3]. These methods rarely integrating existing components in the software architecture models. While there are many tools for performance measurement and profiling existing software components cannot be directly tested the performance when integrated into a model. A systematic approach proposed to software reuse are built to reuse and build by recycling [5]. The problems in software engineering is not a lack of reuse, but a lack of systematic reuse. They know how to do, but they do it informally. The concept of reuse is used to reduce the cost, effort and execution time for software development. Re also raises the productivity, maintainability and reliability of the software, which has been evaluated before in other software. Reusable software components framework is proposed. Empirical observations was made by applying the framework to the recording system C. The result clearly shows that the proposed framework to reduce the work of software developers, who needed a bit of effort to build reuse or build by recycling. The most complex components in the software development process is the database. The performance analysis of persistence framework explained in [15]. The complexity increases when the perspective differs of the interacting components. The performance comparison of two persistence frameworks namely Hibernate and IBatis using a banking database. Both the framework maps JavaBeans to SQL statements using a XML descriptor. The online banking application case study is used. Performance is measured using a java program which uses basic SQL operations on the banking database and the Round Trip Time is calculated and used to measure the way these mapping tools perform under various situations. The performance of both of these tools in single and multi-user environments are evaluated. Hibernate performs better because it supports lazy fetching and mapping associations. To develop the performance of software applications is a major problem in software applications. The solution is to avoid the assessment of late performance [10]. A prediction approach to provide the best solution to solve the problem. Three types of approaches to performance prediction used to know the measurement approach, the approach based on a model and a mixed approach. The main goal is to improve the performance of the software. Steffen and Ralf reported five factors that impact the performance of software component is the implementation components, resource conflicts, use patterns, platform deployment and required services. Quantitative approaches related to the objectives of the performance engineering of software to evaluate the software, which by focusing on quality factors of performance such as response time and throughput. In the end result, the hybrid approach is the best approach. III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Data Collection To analyze the performance of reusable software components, we have downloaded some jar files relevant to these reusable software components. A Java application can be started with a set of jar files. For implementing various libraries and plug-ins in java applications these jar files are used. The various jar files being used are mysql-connector-java, hibernate-core, hibernate-validator, jboss-logging-3.1.3.ga-sources, javassist, org.springframework, org.springframework.Expression, ibatis-dao, ibatis.jar, javassist, IBatis-common and eclipselink. B. Performance Metrics: VisualVM is a tool that provides interface for viewing detailed information about Java based applications [7]. VisualVM organizes data about the JVM software and presents the information that enables the developer to quickly view data on multiple Java applications. Java VisualVM can be used by Java application developers to monitor and improve java applications performance. There are four metrics used to analyze the performance of reusable software components. a). CPU Utilization: Using this metric, you can see how much of CPU is being consumed by database activities. CPU utilization is used to track CPU performance when running a specific piece of code. It is measured in %. b). Total Classes loaded: VisualVM counts the total number of classes loaded for any java application. c). Heap used: It shows how much of the heap is currently used by a java application. It is measured in MB. d). Threads: Athreadis a programs path of execution. Two types of threads are used: live thread and daemon thread. i. Live Thread also called used thread. User thread are threads created by programmer. ii. Daemon Threads are called service provider threads and run parallel to your code. When Java Virtual Machine finds no user threads all daemon thread terminate immediately. Some reusable Software Components are used to analyze the performance and make a comparison between them. A. Hibernate In 2001, Hibernate was developed by Gavin King. Hibernate is a tool for object-relational mapping. Object-relational mapping is a programming method for mapping Java objects to relational model where Java classes are mapped to tables [6] database. This is an open source persistent framework. There is a persistence framework powerful high performance and query service for Java application. Hibernate fills the gap and establish a connection between a Java application and a database. Hibernate uses the OO approach based on Java and binds known as POJO (plain old java objects) into a single object and table cards in a database java classes [14]. B. Spring Spring is a free and open source framework that offers many features for developers. It was jointly developed by Rod Johnson and Juergen Hoeller in June 2003 is also a base ORM framework. Spring Framework aims to make application development enterprise Java easier to use and promote good programming by allowing a POJO-based programming model. Important features are the Inversion of Control, AOP and Spring MVC [12]. Spring Framework allows us to manage the relationships between different parts of the project to loose coupling between modules. C. IBatis This is an open source Java-based framework for ORM mapping data. In 2001, IBatis developed by Clinton Begin. IBATIS is a persistence framework that allows the mapping between SQL databases and Java objects. Mappings are separated from the application logic by wrapping SQL statements in XML configuration files. IBATIS is a lightweight frame. IBatis mapping parameters and results between class properties and the columns of the database table [9]. D. EclipseLink The EclipseLink provides object relational persistence solution with additional features for developers. EclipseLink is also a focused framework for ORM progressed and provides support for relational databases. EclipseLink is a source object persistence and transformation of the open object framework. It provides execution capabilities that reduce development efforts and maintenance of an application. The software provides an extensible framework that allows developers to interact with many data services [13]. IV. RESULTS A. Simulation Environment Performance of Hibernate, Spring, EclipseLink and IBatis is measured using a java simulation tool. These four reusable software components perform basic SQL operations on the music database and the execution time is calculated and used to measure the way these mapping tools perform under various situations. The aim is to get the time from generation of SQL to querying music database and then getting back the data. The conditions were the same for all these components. The execution time of application is computed by applying select, insert database operations on these four reusable software components. For this purpose, a set of SQL queries is executed against music database. The performance of Hibernate, Spring, IBatis and EclipseLink is monitored under multi user environment because java supports multithreading environment. The tests were conducted in the following environment: Operating system: Microsoft Windows 7, Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor, Memory: 2GB. To monitor a java application, the parameters that we have used are CPU Utilization, Classes loaded, No. of Threads executed and Heap used by reusable software component. The experimental results of these software components are represented using graphical charts. In this we have considered select and insert sql queries as two benchmarks. For the first Select Benchmark we have used these SQL queries are: TABLE 1. For Select Query These SQL select queries are executed at the backend in the database. When we run these queries it shows how much CPU is utilized, how many classes are loaded, how much heap is used and how much time it takes to execute the java application. According to the average graphs, it is clear that IBatis perform better for select query because its development time is less as compared to other components. IBatis is a data mapper i.e. it maps results sets to the object in java application while other components map the columns of database tables with the java classes. IBatis makes use of SQL which is database dependent. According to the graphs, IBatis has less average CPU utilization, less execution time and consumes less heap because stored procedures are used. A stored procedures is a group of SQL statements that created and stored on database. The stored procedures improved the heap usage and improve the performance of application. IBatis loaded less no. of classes because of lazy loading and another reason is multiple threads are executed simultaneously. The insignificant code is reduced to access a database. The results of select query benchmarks are shown in fig1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Fig 1. Execution time Fig 2: Average Heap Used Fig 3: Total no. Classes loaded Fig 4: No. of Threads Executed Fig 5: CPU usage The insertion operation is regarded as the second benchmark. The insert operation is used to insert one or more rows in a database table. The first command of language data manipulation performed immediately after the creation of this table is the insertion expression. For the second Insert Benchmark we have used these SQL queries: TABLE 2. For Insert Query According to the average graphs, the Charts shown that IBatis performs better for insert benchmark. The average execution time is large, maximum heap is used because multiple records are inserted in to database tables. The only operation in which spring consumes more time is for the insert operation. The number of threads executed to run a java application in IBatis is less than hibernate because we don’t have to create the separate session for threads to insert objects into the database. The sessions in IBatis enhance the performance by reducing the number of times the application needs to access the data. In this case, larger number of classes are loaded in EclipseLink than IBatis but lesser than hibernate. EclipseLink consumes more CPU with respect to the other components. For every insert operations so much effort was necessary on querying, IBatis handles this query in a better way. The results of insert query benchmarks are shown in fig 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Fig 6: Execution time Fig 7: CPU utilization Fig 8: Heap Used. Fig 9: No. of Threads Executed. Fig 10. Number of classes loaded V. CONCLUSION This paper presents the comparative analysis of four reusable software components namely hibernate, spring, IBatis and EclipseLink. Reusability allows us to use existing software system rather than building them from scratch. Three performance benchmarks namely SELECT, INSERT and JOIN queries are used in order to measure the performance of reusable software components. These benchmarks were applied on these four reusable software components to analyze their performance and to make a comparison among them. The performance was analyzed using these performance metrics such as CPU utilization, heap Used, number of threads executed, execution time and number of classes loaded with the help of VisualVM. According to our results in SELECT and INSERT queries, IBatis showed outstanding results as compared to other reusable components because it uses less average CPU utilization because of multithreading. IBatis consumes less heap because caching in IBatis improves the performance by caching a ll the results in the mapping statement and reducing the unnecessary trips to the database. IBatis loaded less number of classes because IBatis is a light weight component. REFERENCES [1]. McIlroy, Doug, â€Å"Mass Produced Software Components† Software Engineering Concepts and Techniques: Proceedings of the NATO Conferences, J.M. Buxton, P. Naur, and B. Randell, eds., Petrocelli/Charter, 1969. [2]. Johannes Sametinger, â€Å"Software Engineering with Reusable Components†, ACM Computing Surveys, ISBN: 3-540-62695-6, 1997. [3]. Simonetta Balsamo, Antinisca Di Marco, Paola Inverardi, and Marta Simeoni. â€Å"Model-Based Performance Prediction in Software Development: A Survey†, Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 30, Issue: 5 ISSN: 0098-5589,pp-223-228, 2004 [4]. V. Grassi, R. Mirandola, and A. Sabetta, â€Å"A Model Transformation Approach for the Early Performance and Reliability Analysis of Component-Based Systems†, Proc. In CBSE 6th joint meeting of the European software engineering conference and the ACM SIGSOFT, ISBN 978-1-4503-2237-9, 2006. [5]. Anas Bassam AL-Badareen, Mohd Hasan Selamat and Sherzod Turaev, â€Å"Reusable Software Components Framework†, International conference on Advances in Communications, Computers, Systems and Devices, ISBN: 978-960-474-250-9, 2008. [6]. Jiya Jiang , Yu Liu, â€Å"The Construction of E-Business Portal Based on Struts, Spring and Hibernate†, IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies, 2009. [7]. VisualVM tool accessed from http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/html/as400/v4r5/ic2924/index.htm?info/rzaihh.htm, 2009. [8]. Dantas, F., Garcia, â€Å"A. Software Reuse versus Stability: Evaluating Advanced Programming Techniques†, Proc. SBES10, Brazil, 2010. [9]. Zhiyu Zhou and Zhiang Chen, â€Å"Performance Evaluation of Transparent Persistence Layer in Java Applications†, IEEE proceedings International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery ISBN: 978-1-4244-8434-8, 2010. [10]. Adil Ali Abdelaziz, Wan M.N. Wan Kadir and Addin Osman, â€Å"Comparative Analysis of Software Performance Prediction Approaches in Context of Component-based System†, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 23– No.3, June 2011. [11] Anupama Kaur, Himanshu Monga, Mnupreet Kaur, â€Å"Performance Evaluation of Reusable Software Components†, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2012. [12]. Ankur Bawiskar, Vinayak Kankate, â€Å"Integration of Struts, Spring and Hibernate for an University Management Sys†, International Journal of Emerging Tech and Advanced Engineering, 2012. [13] EclipseLink accessed from http://www.eclipse.org/eclipselinkjpa_extensions.pdf, 2012. [14] Hibernate accessed from http://www.tutorialspoint.com/hibernate/hibernateoverview.htm, 2012. [15]. S. M. Thampi and Ashwin Kumar, â€Å"Performance Comparison of Persistence Frameworks, Published in Cornell University Library, Arxiv, ISSN-1653-5715, 2013.

Product Quality Essay

List some important physical properties of the fabric. The properties of textile fabrics are important for the control of quality, as well as for end use determination. There are several physical properties of fabric which affecting the performance and aesthetic of fabric. The first one is fabric count, it influences thickness of the fabric. It is the number of ends or picks per inch for woven fabrics, or the number of wales or courses per inch for knit fabrics. Variation occurs because of the weaving or knitting process and from finishing processes. Usually the higher the fabric count, the better the quality and the higher the cost. The second is fabric unit weight. It is the mass per unit area. It is expressed in one three ways; ounces per square yard, ounces per linear yard, and linear yards per pound. It is significant in determining both end use and quality. Moreover, it is fabric width. It means the distance from one edge to the other. Measurement is made perpendicular to the fabric edge, usually including the selvage area. The width is expressed in inches and is usually an average number of measurements taken at evenly spaced interval along the fabric pieces. Next one is fabric shrinkage. It is the process in which a fabric becomes smaller than its original size, usually through the process of laundry. It is undesirable property to the apparels. So the material has to be either shrink resistant or shrink recoverable, such as anti-shrink finish is to keep the fabric smooth and free from undesirable shrinkage. The last one is fabric thickness. It is the distance between the upper and lower surfaces of the material. It is measure under a specific pressure. Warmth and bulk properties depend on the fabric thickness- to-weight ratio. It can also be used as a performance indication of abrasion resistance or shrinkage tests. Generally speaking, the thicker the fabric is, the more comfortable in wearing. 6. What is the commonly used fabric inspection system? Mainly, two industry methods used are the Ten point and Four point systems. The most commonly used is four-point system. A minimum of 10% inspection of fabrics is required. The four-point system derives its name from the basic grading rules that a maximum of four penalty points can be assessed for any single defect. Normally, we inspect 10% of the rolls we receive and evaluate them based on this system. This way, we can avoid fabric related quality problems before it is put into production The following table shows the point system. Size of Defect| Penalty Points| Length of defects in fabric (either length or width)| Defects up to 3 inches| 1| Defects > 3 inches < 6 inches| 2| Defects > 6 inches < 9 inches| 3| Defects > 9 inches| 4| Holes and openings(largest dimension)| 1 inch or less| 2| Over 1 inch| 4| After inspection, the inspector will add up the defects points and then use the following formula to determine the rate of points per 100 yards. There are some common fabric faults, such as bow, skew, hole, mispick etc. Fabric checker should know common defects found in fabrics and he must recognize defects on the fabric at the time of fabric inspection. For the acceptance criteria and calculation, 40 points per 100 yards is the acceptable defect rate. The ten point system for piece goods evaluation was approved by the Textile distributors institute and the National Federation of Textile, in 1955. It is designed to identify defects and to assign each defect a value based on severity of defect. The system assigns penalty points to each defect depending on its length and whether it is in the warp (ends) or weft (fill) direction. The following table shows the point system.

Treetop Forest

Statement of the problem The packaging team at Treetop Forest is experiencing many problems. Their productivity is decreasing and affecting the rest of the departments negatively. The unsupervised employees are slacking off, are not motivated and are adopting norms that are not fitted with the company. Inventory costs and the risk of damaged stocks are also increasing. The quality of the appearance of the finished products is also decreasing, resulting in a loss in the market share in the industry, hence being unable to compete with other companies. Cause of the problem Social loafing is causing the decrease in productivity in the packaging team. This tendency to withhold physical or intellectual effort when performing a group task[1] represents the slacking behaviours of the employees in that department. The lack of supervision is also one of the main causes of most of the problems stated. The group’s cohesiveness is causing them to behave in similar manners, as additive tasks, even though the behaviours adopted are not in line with the norms of the rest of the company (taking longer breaks etc). Because this department’s location is further than all the other ones, the employees feel isolated and excluded from the company, causing their lack in motivation. The group’s poor performance is causing an overstock which results in high inventory costs and risk of damaged stocks since they have to be stored outside ultimately causing the poor appearance of the finished product which affects the buyer’s decision. It can be assumed that it is a larger group due to the tasks that need to be performed, which affects the group in many ways. In larger groups, friendships develop, participation decreases and disengagement increases resulting in process loss: a group performance difficulty stemming from the problems of motivation and coordination in larger groups. [2] Solutions and Consequences 1. To counteract the social loafing the company should: Increase feelings of indispensability. Doing this within the group would motivate the employees. Increase performance feedback, so that employees will know how to improve themselves as well as knowing what they did well. Reward group performance. Pros: Highly motivated in what they are doing †¢ They would feel belonging to the company since they would know what the company’s goals are. 2. To have a more structured environment, Treetop should hire and train a new supervisor only for the packaging department. Pros: †¢ This solution will decrease inventory costs and increase the production and quality of the finished products. †¢ Effective communication betwe en the other departments to balance the productivity levels Cons: †¢ The salary and training of this new employee will increase the company’s costs. 3. To reduce the overtime costs, limits should be put on the amount of overtime hours an employee is allowed to use, along with a deadline for a specific amount of products. Pros: †¢ This would decrease the overtime salary costs †¢ This would increase productivity due to the fixed goals. †¢ This would decrease the extended break and lunch times. Cons: †¢ Because these goals are imposed, the employees may be reluctant to achieve them. To avoid this situation, the goals could be discussed therefore increasing the probability of their achievement. Recommended Solution It would be recommended to implant supervision since it is the main cause of all the problems the company is faced with and because of the many effects it would have on the situation. The group needs structure and a supervisor would therefore help resolve most problems. Implemented Solution Immediately, communication should be improved between the departments to stop the unbalanced productivity. This would resolve part of the inventory costs problems. Upper management should also put someone in charge of the packaging team. If costs of hiring a new supervisor are too high, an existing supervisor could be given more shifts. Although hiring and training costs are high, the company will benefit from this addition in the long-term. The new supervisor would counteract the social loafing the company is experiencing. The supervisor could be trained to focus on the motivation of his group (rewarding good performances etc). This supervisor is also the one who should limit the employees to a certain amount of overtime hours they are allowed to. The supervisor would reinforce the company’s norms, eventually eliminating the self-imposed ones in the group (longer breaks†¦). The supervisor would also promote group cohesiveness and a pleasant working environment. In the short term, upper management could host a meeting or assembly between all departments to make them feel interrelated and important to the company. This could be a great motivation for the employees. In the long term, group evaluations could be necessary to measure the group’s performance and to see if the actions taken are resolving the problems. ________________________________________ [1] Johns,G, & Saks, A. M. (2008). Organizational Behaviour, 7th edition, Toronto: Addison-Wesley-Longman. [2] Johns,G, & Saks, A. M. (2008). Organizational Behaviour, 7th edition, Toronto: Addison-Wesley-Longman.

Social Networking Is A Vital Part Of Our Everyday Lives

Title Social networking has become a vital part of our everyday lives, however it poses many risk and draw backs. Privacy is an illusion, stalking is at an all-time high, and time seems to flash past us. Before you can comprehend the gravity of the situation, you must first grasp the concept of what social networking is. How it works, what makes it so vital and essential, and then what makes it an entertaining illusion. Thought-out this informative essay I will address all these issues and more, accentuated with my own past experiences along with a few of my peers. When asked; what does social media mean to you? What is the first think that comes to mind? A tool to help keep in contact with friends and family? A way to keep up on the latest news and updates? Or even just a form of entertainment. As time progressed through the years we’ve seen countless forms of social media. One’s ranging from Facebook, twitter, tumbler and even snapchat. Many would say Facebook is a major part of their lives, and I can’t blame them, I used to feel the same way, back when I used to have a Facebook. Though, I soon found it to be a drama ensued playground. A place where cyberbullying was made a synch, and nothing is private. â€Å"Facebook seemed like a big deal in high school, so I got one. But as time progressed and I became more mature it seemed like it was nothing but a waste of time and it was all drama. So I deleted it.† A fellow classmate stated. For instance, a dear friend of mine wasShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Online Social Networking On Society966 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the years, our society has experienced dramatic change due to technological advances. Technology has become a vital part of our everyday lives that has greatly influenced the way we interact with each other and our environment. 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The Universal Periodic Review Hearing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1351 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? The Bangladesh Report, under the Universal Periodic Review mechanism of the United Nations Human Rights Council, must reflect the true prevailing status of the human rights situation, without distortion or half-truths. On 3 February 2009, the Bangladesh report was discussed by the Human Rights Council in Geneva. Odhikar believes that the imposition and continuation of the State of Emergency for a long time was the single most important incident of human rights violation. The Emergency deprived the people of their fundamental rights. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Universal Periodic Review Hearing" essay for you Create order UPR recommendations from the Odhikar and FIDH8 joint submission are given below: Rein in the security forces and stop all extrajudicial killings and refrain from using murder as a policing tool. Set up an independent body to deal with complaints against members of security forces for violation of rights, with adequate powers to investigate and where necessary, recommend prosecution. Stop the use of torture in all its forms by law officers once an individual is in custody or under effective control of a member of the law enforcement agencies. Ratify the Rome Statute of 1998 establishing the International Criminal Court that Bangladesh is a signatory to and adopt implementing legislations. Legislate the outlawing of torture in line with the Governments obligation as a Party to the UNCAT, on a priority basis and put in place lawful interrogation procedures including the interrogation of people remanded in custody in glass-partitioned rooms and in the presence of relatives or lawyers, as ordered by the High Court in April 2003 and amend the Code of Criminal Procedure accordingly. Provide compensation to victims of torture. Incorporate and ensure fundamental rights and freedoms in counter terrorism legislation including guaranteeing internationally recognised fair trial rights. 8 FIDH: International Federation for Human Rights, based in Paris, France ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Reorganize the justice system to make it women friendly, including legislation on victims and witness protection. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Amendments should include making recommendations of the UN Human Rights Commission binding, and awarding the Commission its right to be consulted by the Government in legislations with human rights implications. Suggestions and Recommendations 2009 has been an eventful year for those who perpetrate abuse on human rights. In order to uphold the rights of the people as guaranteed by the Constitution and the laws of the land, Odhikar has placed here some suggestions for a safer, more democratic Bangladesh. As per the election manifesto of the present Government and the UPR declaration of the United Nations, extra-judicial killings must come to an end. The Government must bring before trial those involved in these killings. The Government must refrain from narrowing down the path to democratic rights and cease the practice of coming down on political groups holding a different political opinion. Torture during interrogation or remand must be stopped immediately and the recommendations placed by the High Court Division in 2003 must be implemented. Freedom of the media must be ensured. A proper investigation is needed into the incidents of repression and torture towards journalists. Independent and fair investigations must be carried out in relation to the deaths of the BDR members who were in custody. Transparency and accountability must be upheld in the treason cases involving the BDR Jawans. For the sake of justice and upholding the rights of the accused, the accused in the BDR mutiny should be allowed to be represented by a legal counsel of their choice. The Government must take effective steps to stop violence against women. Those involved in such violence must be brought under the purview of the law and the victims must also be provided with necessary assistance including adequate compensation. The victims and witnesses must be provided protection so that the perpetrator cannot exert fear upon them or inflict violence on them again. Odhikar also urges the Government to create a special fund for treating the physical and mental consequences of such violence. The wages of the workers of the readymade garments factories must be paid in time. The Government must watch over the garments factories to ensure that the workers are being paid regularly and that the issues concerning wage raises The Government must pay more attention to its citizens working as overseas labourers. The policy on overseas migration and overseas labour must be strictly implemented. Bangladesh Embassies abroad must be more diligent in safeguarding the rights of its workforce in foreign countries. The Government must also be active in obtaining adequate compensation for the families of the deceased and the tortured labourers. The government should take immediate steps to stop political violence. Those who are engaged in such violence must be brought to justice. Law enforcement agencies should be strengthened to stop the violence. The Government must take effective steps so that the killings of Bangladeshi citizens by the BSF come to an end. The Anti-Terrorism Act 2008, a tool for committing human rights violations, must be scrapped. Rights of the ethnic and religious minority communities must be guaranteed and security to their property and belongings must also be provided, as per legal and constitutional provisions. The Government must follow the Paris Principles regarding human rights defenders and their protection. The National Human Rights Commission The Government of Bangladesh passed the National Human Rights Commission Bill on July 9, 2009. The Bill provides for a selection procedure of members to the National Human Rights Commission by a seven-member Selection Committee. This will allow direct intervention by the Government, since four members of the Selection Committee have come from the ruling party. The three remaining members are a Government nominated retired Justice, who is also the Chair of the Law Commission and another is a Secretary of the Cabinet. Keeping room for only one member from the Opposition party has reduced the proposed National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) into an entity subservient to and controlled by the Government. The National Human Rights Commission will be a toothless tiger, as it has not been given the power to take measures against an accused person or against law enforcement agencies. While the Commission itself should be given the power to file cases against human rights violators, the provision in the Bill only allows the NHRC to make suggestions to the Government to take steps against persons against whom accusations have been proven. The Commission has no visible functional capacity. It is a caricature of what the human right defenders have been demanding for a long time and therefore totally inadequate and unacceptable. Parliament: The prevailing formal institutional structure of the political system in Bangladesh appears handicapped in checking the unbridled power and authority of government and ill-equipped in calling the government to account. All the major characteristics of a strong legislature are virtually absent in Bangladesh. State power is highly centralized rather than dispersed. The president is a titular head of state and he performs according to the advices of the prime minister and plays into the hand of the ruling regime. All the major political institutions including the Speaker of the parliament have been politicized and used against the major opposition parties in the country. Major local government institutions have been dysfunctional for over a decade. The parliament and parliamentary committees have been dominated and monopolized by the ruling government. No space has been left for the opposition political parties to participate and con ­tribute to the governance system. The opposit ion is thus left out to the street. Thus the external environment of the parliament and parliamentary committees has largely determined the way parliament and committees have performed in Bangladesh. Executive: The domination of the ruling party is evident in the structural and functional arrangement of the committee system in Bangladesh. Structurally the committee is arranged in such a way that without the assent of the party in power no action can be taken to make the executive accountable. The stalwarts (including the party chief) of the ruling party have enormous influence from the formation of committees to the implementation of committee recommendations. The institu ­tional domination of the ruling party has also been reflected in the real-world functioning of the committee in securing executive accountability in Bangladesh. Prime ministers in the 1990s have been seen interfering in the operations of committees.

Analysis Of The Poem Porphyria s Lover By Robert...

With so much poetry coming out of Britain it can be hard for any of it to stand out from the rest, but â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† by Robert Browning and â€Å"A Poison Tree† by William Blake manage to stand out from other poems. These two poems differ in structure, writing style, and voice but both have something that sticks them out from the rest; murderers without a moral compass. While murder isn’t new to poetry it is rare to find it as nonchalant as it is in these two poems. These killers were not killing just because they hated their victims; they were killing because they could and the fact that a life was ended meant nothing to them. This is why these poems stick out from the rest. The poem â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† by Robert Browning tells the story of two lovers who were not supposed to be and ends in the death of one of the lovers. The poem starts with a stormy night and Porphyria, one of the two lovers, visits her lover in a small cot tage. We are given the image of her lover being angry with her by the way he ignores her. She tries to seduce him by making â€Å"her smooth white shoulder bare† (Browning 17) and pulling her lovers head against her. Porphyria admitted that although she loved him she was too weak to give herself completely to him. She claims she thought about him at her dinner feast which could mean that the reason they couldn’t be together was because of class differences. While she told him what went through her mind he looked at her eyes and claimed that he realizedShow MoreRelated Comparing the Male Characters of Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess1720 Words   |  7 PagesComparing the Male Characters of Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess The creation of a plausible character within literature is one of the most difficult challenges to a writer, and development to a level at which the reader identifies with them can take a long time. However, through the masterful use of poetic devices and language Browning is able to create two living and breathing characters in sixty or less lines. When one examines these works one has to that they are quite the achievementsRead More Analysis of Two In The Campagna by Robert Browning Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Two In The Campagna by Robert Browning Two In The Campagna is essentially a love poem, written by Browning to capture the tragic and dark aspects of a relationship. The poem commences with romantic images of the couple sitting in the fields of Rome in spring. The first line, starting with I wonder sets the contemplative tone of the piece, and the poet follows one particular trail of thought for several stanzas. Clearly, the poet is trying to capture what cannot be easilyRead MorePorphyrias Lover And My Last Duchess By Robert Browning1510 Words   |  7 PagesRobert Browning is a romantic and victorian poet who writes from a speaker’s perspective while a listener is listening to what the speaker reveals about him or herself. Oscar Wilde, author of The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde, once exclaimed, â€Å"In art, Browning can make action and psychology one!† A healthy and fully expressed relationship is the bond between two people, consisting of trust, honesty, and respect (Denham et al. 397). Within â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† and â€Å"My Last Duchess,† Robert BrowningRead MoreSimilarities Between My Last Duchess And Porphyrias Lover1113 Words   |  5 PagesTrue Love (A Discussion on Robert Brownings My Last Duchess and Porphyria’s Lover.) Robert Browning wrote many amazing dramatic monologues during his time in the 1800’s. â€Å"The English poet Robert Browning (1812-1889) is best known for his dramatic monologues. By vividly portraying a central character against a social background, these poems probed complex human motives in a variety of historical periods†(Gale). Browning was super influential with his monologues during the Victorian period and evenRead More Porphyria’s Lover Essay4333 Words   |  18 PagesPorphyria’s Lover The finest woks of Browning endeavor to explain the mechanics of human psychology. The motions of love, hate, passion, instinct, violence, desire, poverty, violence, and sex and sensuousness are raised from the dead in his poetry with a striking virility and some are even introduced with a remarkable brilliance. Thanks to the changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution, so many people living in such close quarters, poverty, violence, and sex became part of everyday life

Medically Unexplained Symptoms

Question: Discuss about theMedically Unexplained Symptoms. Answer: Background of the Study a) Briefly describe the issue on which the study is focused. In the research article, Lidn, Bjrk-Brmberg Svensson, (2015) highlighted the issue of the patients suffering and living with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) in a primary healthcare setting. The article also shows the perceptions of the MUS patients in coping with the condition and living with it. The issue related with the condition of MUS is that it is viewed as the fault of the medical diagnosis and not the potential of the patients living with the condition in their daily life. The issues addressed in the research also encompass the frustrations of the physicians and nurses in providing the patient centred care in MUS. b) What is the significance of the study? The significance of the study is that it illustrates the perceptions and consequences that the patients face suffering from MUS. As MUS is a very serious condition that affects the quality of life of the people, this research holds significance as there is lack of extensive research made in this field. This research is also significant as it focuses on the capabilities and possibilities for the mental and physical well-being of the MUS patients. This study also demonstrates the perceptions of the MUS patients in coping with the condition and in leading a normal life. Overview of research design a) What was the aim of the research? The aim of the study was to interpret and describe the experiences of the patients suffering from MUS in primary healthcare setting. The research is focused on understanding the ways in which the MUS patients learn to live with their condition. It also encompasses the coping attitude in the patients in leading a normal life. Despite of having a frustrated life, they try to live with the condition and move on with their life while taking care of themselves. b) What research design was used? Phenomenological-hermeneutic method is the research design used for the study. This method revolves around themes like interpretation, textual, dialogue, tradition, pre-understanding and meaning. This method is employed in qualitative research where the authors described the perceptions of the patients living with MUS as the phenomena. These phenomena are described and interpreted even after the method is unending and tentative. Another research conducted by Kornelsen et al., (2016) also illustrated the use of phenomenological-hermeneutic method in explaining the consequences and perceptions of the patients living with MUS. c) Was it appropriate? Why/why not? This method is appropriate as it helps to understand the perceptions of the patients living with MUS from a phenomenological perspective in a primary healthcare setting. This method is very advantageous as it is highly flexible to the emerging issues that might arise due to MUS in the patients. This method is highly relevant and natural in fulfilling the aims of the research study. This method is appropriate as it provides a better understanding of the perceptions of the people who are living with the MUS condition. It gives a philosophical movement that fulfills the objectives of the research. Sampling a) Who were the study participants? The study participants comprise of the MUS patients of the age group of 24-61 years. The patients were chosen from the two suburban primary healthcare centres situated in Sweden. In the final sample size, majority were from the immigrant background. b) What are the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the sample? The inclusion and exclusion data collection was adopted by the researchers for the sampling method. During the inclusion method, the patients of the age 18-65 years who had eight visits in a primary healthcare setting with a physician or a nurse during the previous twelve methods in Sweden. The patients were also included based on the criteria where they have no psychiatric or organic reason for frequent visits to the primary healthcare centres. Moreover, it also comprises of the 50% of the patients who reported MUS. The potential subjects were screened through the incoming telephone calls from the patients to the primary healthcare centres. After the screening procedure, the patients were contacted through telephone asking for their participation in the research method. Around 20 patients were selected after they agreed to participate in the research process. However, through the exclusion criteria, many recruited participants were excluded through extensive data collection method. Out of 1379 participants, 1328 were excluded and 51 were included. On the other hand, through the inclusion method, out of 1010 participants, 87 were included and 923 excluded through the minimal data collection method. At last, 10 participants were chosen as the sample size of the age 24 to 61 years. Among the sample size, seven were women and three were men The majority of the participants were from immigrant backgrounds. c) Why is it important to have these criteria identified before recruitment? This criterion is important as it determines the scope for the research and validity of the findings. This also aids the researchers in the proper designing of the research and in the execution of the study in a correct manner. The inclusion criteria helped the researchers to include the subjects that are suitable for the study and in excluding the participants who were disqualified from the inclusion in the study. d) What sampling technique was employed in this study? Purposeful sampling method was employed by the researchers where the subjects were chosen after the pre-selection fulfilling the criteria for the aim of the research. e) Was it appropriate for the research design? Why/why not? The employed technique was appropriate as the subjects were pre-determined. They were selected based on the fulfilling criteria for the research objective. The data was collected from the patients of the age 24-61 years living with MUS. f) How was the sample size determined? The sample size was determined by the criteria of exclusion and inclusion. The minimal and extensive data collection was applied according to which the sample size was selected. The sample size is of the age 24-61 years old suffering from MUS in the primary healthcare setting. g) Was it appropriate? Why/why not? This method was appropriate as the sample size that was selected fulfilled the criteria of the research study. The data collected was relevant and ensured validity. Data collection a) How was the data collected? In the given article, the data was collected via primary data collection method. The data was collected directly from the participants that were the patients suffering from MUS in a primary healthcare setting. This ensured reliability as the data was collected directly from the subjects. b) Was the data collection method appropriate for the study question and the research design? Why/why not? This primary data collection method was appropriate as it was taken directly from the patients who were selected from the age group of 24-61 years. Through this method, 10 patients suffering from MUS were selected through narrations and interviews. c) Define the concept of rigor. In qualitative research, rigor was used to show the research tools that fulfilled the criteria of objectives and aims of the research. The trust worthiness is also determined through rigor that helps to identify the questions that are important and needs to be addressed. The rigor also consists of the research philosophy that was also used in the data collection. d) Discuss two measures taken/not taken to ensure rigor. In the given article, measures were taken for ensuring rigor in the data collection method. The collection of data was done in an authentic way and the participants who were selected were pre-determined in terms of age that is 24-6 years old and criteria of MUS in a primary healthacre setting. Data analysis/results a) Identify and describe the method of data analysis. The analysis of data was done in three steps that comprises of naive reading, structural analysis and comprehensive understanding. The narrations that the patients provided were read many a times to analyze the text called the naive understanding. After that, through structural analysis, the texts were validated and interpretation was done where the text was divided into themes and subthemes that illustrated the criteria of the research study. Another study conducted by Stone, (2013) where the author had also used the thematic analysis for the interpretation of the data. In the article, the researcher had interviewed the general practitioners of Australia in explaining the management of the physical and emotional symptoms MUS patients. Was it appropriate? Why/why not? It was not appropriate for the research study that helped in analysing the texts of the narratives of the patients and in decoding to understand the perceptions of the MUS patients. The systematic text condensation method is appropriate as works under a phenomenological framework that comprises of identification, condensation, total impression and meaning units to draw conclusion. What were the findings? The findings showed that the results were divided into subthemes and themes concluded from the narratives of the patients. The naive understanding illustrated that the patients were shattered as they were unable to lead a normal life. They struggled as they try to interpret their symptoms and also try to manage their life. The themes comprises of the patients feelings in leading a normal life where they feel overwhelmed because of the symptoms and accept the condition and try to live with it. The sense of self is lost due to MUS condition. They keep searching for the reasons of their unexplained symptoms and in the meanwhile, learn self-care. They also become mindful and try to accept and move on with their life. Can the study findings be used in other settings? Why/why not? These findings can be used in other settings for the psychological interventions that would help the healthcare professionals in delivering the patient centred care to the MUS patients. Evidence utilization Would you recommend the findings of this study be implemented in clinical practice? Why/why not? These findings can be implemented in the designing of the psychological interventions that would help them to cope up with the unexplained symptoms and lead their lives (Stone, 2013). The understanding and interpretation of the perceptions of the MUS patients is important as it helps the healthcare professionals in the primary healthcare setting in providing patient centred care and in addressing the psychological needs of the MUS patients. References Kornelsen, J., Atkins, C., Brownell, K., Woollard, R. (2016). The meaning of patient experiences of medically unexplained physical symptoms. Qualitative health research, 26(3), 367-376. Lidn, E., Bjrk-Brmberg, E., Svensson, S. (2015). The meaning of learning to live with medically unexplained symptoms as narrated by patients in primary care: A phenomenological-hermeneutic study. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 10. Stone, L. (2013). Making sense of medically unexplained symptoms in general practice: a grounded theory study. Mental health in family medicine, 10(2), 101. Stone, L. (2013). Reframing chaos. AustrAliAn FAmily PhysiciAn, 42(7), 1.